Τί ποτε ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ πεποιηκὸς τὰς ψυχὰς πατρὸς θεοῦ ἐπιλαθέσθαι, καὶ μοίρας ἐκεῖθεν οὔσας καὶ ὅλως ἐκείνου ἀγνοῆσαι καὶ ἑαυτὰς καὶ ἐκεῖνον; ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν αὐταῖς τοῦ κακοῦ ἡ τόλμα καὶ ἡ γένεσις καὶ ἡ πρώτη ἑτερότης καὶ τὸ βουληθῆναι δὲ ἑαυτῶν εἶναι. τῷ δὴ αὐτεξουσίῳ ἐπειδήπερ ἐφάνησαν ἡσθεῖσαι πολλῷ τῷ κινεῖσθαι παρ’ αὑτῶν κεχρημέναι, τὴν ἐναντίαν δραμοῦσαι καὶ πλείστην ἀπόστασιν πεποιημέναι ἠγνόησαν καὶ ἑαυτὰς ἐκεῖθεν εἶναι· ὥσπερ παῖδες εὐθὺς ἀποσπασθέντες ἀπὸ πατέρων καὶ πολὺν χρόνον πόρρω τραφέντες ἀγνοοῦσι καὶ ἑαυτοὺς καὶ πατέρας. οὔτ’ οὖν ἔτι ἐκεῖνον οὔτε ἑαυτὰς ὁρῶσαι, ἀτιμάσασαι ἑαυτὰς ἀγνοίᾳ τοῦ γένους, τιμήσασαι τἆλλα καὶ πάντα μᾶλλον ἢ ἑαυτὰς θαυμάσασαι καὶ πρὸς αὐτὰ.
What is it, then, that has made the souls forget their father, god, and be ignorant both of themselves and of him, though they are portions from There and wholly his? The beginning of evil for them was audacity, and coming into becoming, and the first otherness, and the wish to belong to themselves. Since they evidently delighted in their self-determination, making great use of moving on their own, they ran the opposite way and went very far off, and so came to be ignorant even that they themselves came from There; like children who are torn away from their fathers right away and brought up far off for a long time, and are ignorant of themselves and of their fathers. So no longer seeing him or themselves, they despised themselves in ignorance of their lineage, and honored other things, and marveled at everything rather than at themselves, and, before these things,
ἐκπλαγεῖσαι καὶ ἀγασθεῖσαι καὶ ἐξηρτημέναι τούτων ἀπέρρηξαν ὡς οἷόν τε ἑαυτὰς ὧν ἀπεστράφησαν ἀτιμάσασαι· ὥστε συμβαίνει τῆς παντελοῦς ἀγνοίας ἐκείνου ἡ τῶνδε τιμὴ καὶ ἡ ἑαυτῶν ἀτιμία εἶναι αἰτία. ἅμα γὰρ διώκεται ἄλλο καὶ θαυμάζεται καὶ τὸ θαυμάζον καὶ διῶκον ὁμολογεῖ χεῖρον εἶναι· χεῖρον δὲ αὑτό τι θέμενον γιγνομένων καὶ ἀπολλυμένων ἀτιμότατόν τε καὶ θνητότατον πάντων ὧν τιμᾷ ὑπολαμβάνον οὔτε θεοῦ φύσιν οὔτε δύναμιν ἄν ποτε ἐν θυμῷ βάλοιτο. διὸ δεῖ διττὸν γίνεσθαι τὸν λόγον πρὸς τοὺς οὕτω διακειμένους, εἴπερ τις ἐπιστρέψοι αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ ἐναντία καὶ τὰ πρῶτα καὶ ἀνάγοι μέχρι τοῦ ἀκροτάτου καὶ ἑνὸς καὶ πρώτου. τίς οὖν ἑκάτερος;
awestruck and delighted and hanging upon them, they broke themselves away, as far as they could, from what they had turned away from and despised. So it turns out that their honoring of the things here and their contempt for themselves is the cause of their utter ignorance of him. For whatever pursues and marvels at something else at the same time admits that it is worse. And once it takes itself to be worse than the things that come to be and perish, and supposes itself the most contemptible and most mortal of all the things it honors, it could never conceive either the nature or the power of god. That is why the argument addressed to people in this state must be twofold, if one is to turn them back to what is opposite and first, and lead them up to the highest, the One and First. What, then, is each?
ὁ μὲν δεικνὺς τὴν ἀτιμίαν τῶν νῦν ψυχῇ τιμωμένων, ὃν ἐν ἄλλοις δίιμεν ἐπὶ πλέον, ὁ δὲ διδάσκων καὶ ἀναμιμνήσκων τὴν ψυχὴν οἷον τοῦ γένους καὶ τῆς ἀξίας, ὃς πρότερός ἐστιν ἐκείνου καὶ σαφηνισθεὶς κἀκεῖνον δηλώσει· περὶ οὗ νῦν λεκτέον, ἐγγὺς γὰρ οὗτος τοῦ ζητουμένου καὶ πρὸ ἔργου πρὸς ἐκεῖνον. τὸ γὰρ ζητοῦν ἐστι ψυχή, καὶ τί ὂν ζητεῖ γνωστέον αὐτῇ, ἵνα αὑτὴν πρότερον μάθῃ, εἰ δύναμιν ἔχει τοῦ τὰ τοιαῦτα ζητεῖν, καὶ εἰ ὄμμα τοιοῦτον ἔχει, οἷον ἰδεῖν, καὶ εἰ προσήκει ζητεῖν. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἀλλότρια, τί δεῖ; εἰ δὲ συγγενῆ, καὶ προσήκει καὶ δύναται εὑρεῖν.
One shows the worthlessness of the things the soul now honors; we treat this one more fully elsewhere. The other teaches the soul and reminds it, as it were, of its lineage and worth; this one comes before the first, and once it has been made clear it will make that one clear too. It is this one we must now discuss, for it is close to what we are seeking and useful toward it. For what seeks is soul, and it must know what it is that does the seeking, so that it may first learn about itself: whether it has the power to seek such things, whether it has an eye able to see them, and whether it is fitting for it to seek. For if these things are alien to it, what is the point? But if they are akin, it is both fitting and possible for it to find.
The greatness of soul
Soul gives life and order to the whole heaven; seeing this, a soul learns its worth.
ἐνθυμείσθω τοίνυν πρῶτον ἐκεῖνο πᾶσα ψυχή, ὡς αὐτὴ μὲν ζῷα ἐποίησε πάντα ἐμπνεύσασα αὐτοῖς ζωήν, ἅ τε γῆ τρέφει ἅ τε θάλασσα ἅ τε ἐν ἀέρι ἅ τε ἐν οὐρανῷ ἄστρα θεῖα, αὐτὴ δὲ ἥλιον, αὐτὴ δὲ τὸν μέγαν τοῦτον οὐρανόν, καὶ αὐτὴ ἐκόσμησεν, αὐτὴ δὲ ἐν τάξει περιάγει φύσις οὖσα ἑτέρα ὧν κοσμεῖ καὶ ὧν κινεῖ καὶ ἃ ζῆν ποιεῖ· καὶ τούτων ἀνάγκη εἶναι τιμιωτέραν, γιγνομένων [μὲν] τούτων καὶ φθειρομένων, ὅταν αὐτὰ ψυχὴ ἀπολείπῃ ἣ χορηγεῖ τὸ ζῆν, αὐτὴ δὲ οὖσα ἀεὶ τῷ μὴ ἀπολείπειν ἑαυτήν.
Let every soul, then, first consider this. Soul itself made all living things by breathing life into them: those the earth nourishes, those the sea nourishes, those in the air, and the divine stars in heaven. Soul itself made the sun, and itself made this great heaven, and itself set it in order. Soul itself drives it round in its ordered course, being a nature different from the things it orders, the things it moves, and the things it makes live. And soul must be more honorable than they are. They come to be and perish whenever soul, which supplies their life, leaves them; but soul itself always is, because it does not leave itself.
τίς δὲ [ὁ] τρόπος τῆς χορηγίας τοῦ ζῆν ἔν τε τῷ σύμπαντι ἔν τε τοῖς ἑκάστοις, ὧδε λογιζέσθω σκοπείσθω δὴ τὴν μεγάλην ψυχὴν ἄλλη ψυχὴ οὐ σμικρὰ ἀξία τοῦ σκοπεῖν γενομένη ἀπαλλαγεῖσα ἀπάτης καὶ τῶν γεγοητευκότων τὰς ἄλλας ἡσύχῳ τῇ καταστάσει. ἥσυχον δὲ αὐτῇ ἔστω μὴ μόνον τὸ περικείμενον σῶμα καὶ ὁ τοῦ σώματος κλύδων, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶν τὸ περιέχον· ἥσυχος μὲν γῆ, ἥσυχος δὲ θάλασσα καὶ ἀὴρ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐρανὸς (ἀμείνων). νοείτω δὲ πάντοθεν εἰς αὐτὸν ἑστῶτα ψυχὴν ἔξωθεν οἷον εἰσρέουσαν καὶ εἰσχυθεῖσαν καὶ πάντοθεν εἰσιοῦσαν καὶ εἰσλάμπουσαν· οἷον σκοτεινὸν νέφος ἡλίου βολαὶ φωτίσασαι λάμπειν ποιοῦσι χρυσοειδῆ ὄψιν διδοῦσαι, οὕτω τοι καὶ ψυχὴ ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ ἔδωκε μὲν ζωήν, ἔδωκε δὲ ἀθανασίαν, ἤγειρε δὲ κείμενον.
As for how life is supplied, both in the whole universe and in each individual thing, let it reason as follows. Let another soul contemplate the great Soul. This other soul is no small one: it has become worthy to contemplate by being freed from deception and from the things that have bewitched the others, and by settling into stillness. Let not only the body that surrounds it and the body’s surging be still for it, but everything around it. Let earth be still, still the sea and the air, and heaven itself (the better). Then let it think of Soul as, so to speak, flowing into heaven, now at rest, from outside: pouring into it, entering it from every side, and shining into it. As the sun’s rays light up a dark cloud and make it shine, giving it a golden look, so Soul, coming into the body of heaven, gave it life, gave it immortality, and woke it where it lay.
ὁ δὲ κινηθεὶς κίνησιν ἀίδιον ὑπὸ ψυχῆς ἐμφρόνως ἀγούσης ζῷον εὔδαιμον ἐγένετο, ἔσχε τε ἀξίαν οὐρανὸς ψυχῆς εἰσοικισθείσης ὢν πρὸ ψυχῆς σῶμα νεκρόν, γῆ καὶ ὕδωρ, μᾶλλον δὲ σκότος ὕλης καὶ μὴ ὂν καὶ ὃ στυγέουσιν οἱ θεοί’, φησί τις.
Moved with an everlasting motion by a Soul that guides it with understanding, heaven became a blessed living being. Heaven gained its worth when Soul came to dwell in it. Before Soul, it was a dead body: earth and water, or rather the darkness of matter, non-being, and “what the gods hate,” as someone says.
γένοιτο δ’ ἂν φανερωτέρα αὐτῆς καὶ ἐναργεστέρα ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ φύσις, εἴ τις ἐνταῦθα διανοηθείη, ὅπως περιέχει καὶ ἄγει ταῖς αὑτῆς βουλήσεσι τὸν οὐρανόν. παντὶ μὲν γὰρ τῷ μεγέθει τούτῳ, ὅσος ἐστίν, ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὴν καὶ πᾶν διάστημα καὶ μέγα καὶ μικρὸν ἐψύχωται ἄλλου μὲν ἄλλῃ κειμένου τοῦ σώματος καὶ τοῦ μὲν ὡδί, τοῦ δὲ ὡδὶ ὄντος, καὶ τῶν μὲν ἐξ ἐναντίας, τῶν δὲ ἄλλην ἀπάρτησιν ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων ἐχόντων. ἀλλ’ οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ οὕτως, οὐδὲ μέρει ἑαυτῆς ἑκάστῳ κατακερματισθεῖσα μορίῳ ψυχῆς ζῆν ποιεῖ, ἀλλὰ πάντα ζῇ τῇ ὅλῃ, καὶ πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ τῷ γεννήσαντι πατρὶ ὁμοιουμένη καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἓν καὶ κατὰ τὸ πάντη. καὶ πολὺς ὢν ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἄλλος ἄλλῃ ἕν ἐστι τῇ ταύτης δυνάμει καὶ θεός ἐστι διὰ ταύτην ὁ κόσμος ὅδε.
Its power and nature would become clearer and more evident if one were to reflect at this point on how it encompasses heaven and drives it by its own will. Soul has given itself to the whole of this magnitude, however great it is, and every interval, large and small, has been ensouled. Yet one part of the body lies here and another there, some parts are opposite each other, and others are separated from each other in other ways. But Soul is not like this. It does not make things live by being chopped up and giving each part a piece of soul. Rather, all things live by the whole of it, and it is present whole everywhere. In this it is like the father who begot it, both in being one and in being everywhere. And heaven, though it is many and its parts are in different places, is one by the power of this Soul, and through Soul this cosmos is a god.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἥλιος θεός, ὅτι ἔμψυχος, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἄστρα, καὶ ἡμεῖς, εἴπερ τι, διὰ τοῦτο· ‘νέκυες γὰρ κοπρίων ἐκβλητότεροι’. τὴν δὴ θεοῖς αἰτίαν τοῦ θεοῖς εἶναι ἀνάγκη πρεσβυτέραν (θεὸν) αὐτῶν εἶναι· ὁμοειδὴς δὲ καὶ ἡ ἡμετέρα, καὶ ὅταν ἄνευ τῶν προσελθόντων σκοπῇς λαβὼν κεκαθαρμένην, εὑρήσεις τὸ αὐτὸ τίμιον, ὃ ἦν ψυχή, καὶ τιμιώτερον παντὸς τοῦ ὃ ἂν σωματικὸν ᾖ. γῆ γὰρ πάντα· κἂν πῦρ δὲ ᾖ, τί ἂν εἴη τὸ καῖον αὐτοῦ; καὶ ὅσα ἐκ τούτων σύνθετα κἂν ὕδωρ αὐτοῖς προσθῇς κἂν ἀέρα. εἰ δ’ ὅτι ἔμψυχον διωκτὸν ἔσται, τί παρείς τις ἑαυτὸν ἄλλον διώκει; τὴν δὲ ἐν ἄλλῳ ψυχὴν ἀγάμενος σεαυτὸν ἄγασαι.
The sun, too, is a god, because it is ensouled, and so are the other stars. And if we too are anything, it is for this same reason: “for corpses are more fit to be thrown out than dung.” What causes the gods to be gods, then, must be (a god) older than they are. Our soul is of the same kind. When you look at it without what has been added to it, taking it in its purified state, you will find the same precious thing that soul was, more precious than anything bodily. For all bodies are earth. And even if they are fire, what would be the thing in it that burns? The same goes for everything compounded of these, even if you add water or air to them. But if something is worth pursuing because it is ensouled, why would anyone neglect himself and pursue something else? When you admire the soul in another, admire yourself.
Intellect and its father
Soul is an image of Intellect, which holds all beings in eternity and points beyond itself.
οὕτω δὴ τιμίου καὶ θείου ὄντος χρήματος τῆς ψυχῆς, πιστεύσας ἤδη τῷ τοιούτῳ θεὸν μετιέναι μετὰ τοιαύτης αἰτίας ἀνάβαινε πρὸς ἐκεῖνον· πάντως που οὐ πόρρω ἐπιβαλεῖς· οὐδὲ πολλὰ τὰ μεταξύ. λάμβανε τοίνυν τοῦ θείου τούτου θειότερον τὸ ψυχῆς πρὸς τὸ ἄνω γειτόνημα, μεθ’ ὃ καὶ ἀφ’ οὗ ἡ ψυχή· καίπερ γὰρ οὖσα χρῆμα, οἷον ἔδειξεν ὁ λόγος, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ· οἷον λόγος ὁ ἐν προφορᾷ λόγου τοῦ ἐν ψυχῇ, οὕτω τοι καὶ αὐτὴ λόγος νοῦ καὶ ἡ πᾶσα ἐνέργεια καθ’ ἣν προίεται ζωὴν εἰς ἄλλου ὑπόστασιν· οἷον πυρὸς τὸ μὲν ἡ συνοῦσα θερμότης, ἡ δὲ ἣν παρέχει. δεῖ δὲ λαβεῖν ἐκεῖ οὐκ ἐκρέουσαν, ἀλλὰ μένουσαν μὲν τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ, τὴν δὲ ἄλλην ὑφισταμένην.
Since soul, then, is something so precious and divine, trust now that by such a thing you can reach god, and with it go up to him. You will surely not have far to cast your sight, and the stages in between are not many. Take hold, then, of what is more divine than this divine thing: soul’s neighbor above, which soul comes after and comes from. For although soul is the kind of thing the argument has shown, it is an image of Intellect. Just as the spoken word is an image of the word in the soul, so soul itself is the word of Intellect: the whole activity by which Intellect sends out life to form another hypostasis. It is like fire, which has both the heat that stays with it and the heat it gives off. But in the case of Intellect we must understand that the activity does not flow out of it. One activity remains in it, while the other comes into existence.
οὖσα οὖν ἀπὸ νοῦ νοερά ἐστι, καὶ ἐν λογισμοῖς ὁ νοῦς αὐτῆς καὶ ἡ τελείωσις ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ πάλιν οἷον πατρὸς ἐκθρέψαντος, ὃν οὐ τέλειον ὡς πρὸς αὑτὸν ἐγέννησεν. ἥ τε οὖν ὑπόστασις αὐτῇ ἀπὸ νοῦ ὅ τε ἐνεργείᾳ λόγος νοῦ αὐτῇ ὁρωμένου. ὅταν γὰρ ἐνίδῃ εἰς νοῦν, ἔνδοθεν ἔχει καὶ οἰκεῖα, ἃ νοεῖ καὶ ἐνεργεῖ. καὶ ταύτας μόνας δεῖ λέγειν ἐνεργείας ψυχῆς, ὅσα νοερῶς καὶ ὅσα οἴκοθεν· τὰ δὲ χείρω ἄλλοθεν καὶ πάθη ψυχῆς τῆς τοιαύτης. νοῦς οὖν ἐπὶ μᾶλλον θειοτέραν ποιεῖ καὶ τῷ πατὴρ εἶναι καὶ τῷ παρεῖναι· οὐδὲν γὰρ μεταξὺ ἢ τὸ ἑτέροις εἶναι, ὡς ἐφεξῆς μέντοι καὶ ὡς τὸ δεχόμενον, τὸ δὲ ὡς εἶδος· καλὰ δὲ καὶ ἡ νοῦ ὕλη νοοειδὴς οὖσα καὶ ἁπλῆ, οἷον δὴ ὁ νοῦς.
Since soul comes from Intellect, then, it is intellectual, and its intellect is in its reasonings. Its perfection, too, comes from Intellect, like a father who raises a child he begot imperfect in comparison with himself. So its hypostasis comes from Intellect, and so does its being a rational principle in act, when Intellect is seen by it. For when it looks into Intellect, it has within it, as its own, the things it thinks and actively does. And only these should be called activities of soul: those it performs intellectually and from its own resources. The worse ones come from elsewhere and are affections of a soul of this kind. Intellect, then, makes it still more divine, both by being its father and by being present to it. For there is nothing between them except their being different: soul, however, as next in order and as what receives, Intellect as form. And even the matter of Intellect is beautiful, being intellect-like and simple, as Intellect itself is.
καὶ αὐτῷ μὲν τούτῳ δῆλον, ὅτι κρείττων ψυχῆς τοιᾶσδε οὔσης.
And from this alone it is clear that Intellect is superior to soul, soul being such as we have described.
ἴδοι δ’ ἄν τις καὶ ἐκ τῶνδε· κόσμον αἰσθητὸν τόνδε εἴ τις θαυμάζει εἴς τε τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὴν τάξιν τῆς φορᾶς τῆς ἀιδίου ἀποβλέπων καὶ θεοὺς τοὺς ἐν αὐτῷ, τοὺς μὲν ὁρωμένους, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀφανεῖς ὄντας, καὶ δαίμονας καὶ ζῷα φυτά τε πάντα, ἐπὶ τὸ ἀρχέτυπον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ ἀληθινώτερον ἀναβὰς κἀκεῖ πάντα ἰδέτω νοητὰ καὶ παρ’ αὑτῶν ἀίδια ἐν οἰκείᾳ συνέσει καὶ ζωῇ, καὶ τούτων τὸν ἀκήρατον νοῦν προστάτην, καὶ σοφίαν ἀμήχανον, καὶ τὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐπὶ Κρόνου βίον θεοῦ κόρου καὶ νοῦ ὄντος. πάντα γὰρ ἐν αὑτῷ τὰ ἀθάνατα περιέχει, νοῦν πάντα, θεὸν πάντα, ψυχὴν πᾶσαν, ἑστῶτα ἀεί. τί γὰρ ζητεῖ μεταβάλλειν εὖ ἔχων; ποῖ δὲ μετελθεῖν πάντα παρ’ αὑτῷ ἔχων; ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ αὔξην ζητεῖ τελειότατος ὤν.
One could also see it from the following. Suppose someone admires this perceptible cosmos, looking at its size and beauty and the order of its everlasting motion, and at the gods in it, some visible and some unseen, and the spirits, and all the animals and plants. Let him go up to its archetype, the truer one, and see there all things intelligible, eternal in their own right, with their own understanding and life. Let him see pure Intellect presiding over them, and wisdom beyond all reckoning, and the true life in the reign of Kronos, of a god who is fullness and Intellect. For it encompasses within itself all immortal things, every intellect, every god, every soul, all forever at rest. Why would it seek to change, when it is well as it is? Where would it go, when it has everything with it? Nor does it seek to grow, since it is most perfect.
διὸ καὶ τὰ παρ’ αὐτῷ πάντα τέλεια, ἵνα πάντη ᾖ τέλειος οὐδὲν ἔχων ὅ τι μὴ τοιοῦτον, οὐδὲν [δ’] ἔχων ἐν αὑτῷ ὃ μὴ νοεῖ· νοεῖ δὲ οὐ ζητῶν, ἀλλ’ ἔχων. καὶ τὸ μακάριον αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐπίκτητον, ἀλλ’ ἐν αἰῶνι πάντα, καὶ ὁ ὄντως αἰών, ὃν μιμεῖται χρόνος περιθέων ψυχὴν τὰ μὲν παριείς, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιβάλλων. καὶ γὰρ ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα αὖ περὶ ψυχήν· ποτὲ γὰρ Σωκράτης, ποτὲ δὲ ἵππος, ἕν τι ἀεὶ τῶν ὄντων· ὁ δὲ νοῦς πάντα.
That is why everything with it is perfect too, so that it may be perfect in every way. It has nothing that is not such, nothing in itself that it does not think; and it thinks not by seeking but by having. Its blessedness is not acquired: all things are in eternity, and it is the real eternity, which time imitates as it runs round soul, letting some things go and taking hold of others. For around soul there are always different things in turn: now Socrates, now a horse, always some one of the things that are. But Intellect is all things.
ἔχει οὖν ἐν αὑτῷ πάντα ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ, καὶ ἔστι μόνον, καὶ τὸ ἔστιν ἀεί, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ τὸ μέλλον· ἔστι γὰρ καὶ τότε· οὐδὲ τὸ παρεληλυθός· οὐ γάρ τι ἐκεῖ παρελήλυθεν, ἀλλ’ ἐνέστηκεν ἀεὶ ἅτε τὰ αὐτὰ ὄντα οἷον ἀγαπῶντα ἑαυτὰ οὕτως ἔχοντα. ἕκαστον δὲ αὐτῶν νοῦς καὶ ὄν ἐστι καὶ τὸ σύμπαν πᾶς νοῦς καὶ πᾶν ὄν, ὁ μὲν νοῦς κατὰ τὸ νοεῖν ὑφιστὰς τὸ ὄν, τὸ δὲ ὂν τῷ νοεῖσθαι τῷ νῷ διδὸν τὸ νοεῖν καὶ τὸ εἶναι· τοῦ δὲ νοεῖν αἴτιον ἄλλο, ὃ καὶ τῷ ὄντι. ἀμφοτέρων οὖν ἅμα αἴτιον ἄλλο.
So it has all things in itself, at rest in the same place. It only is, and its “is” is forever. Nowhere is there a future in it, for then too it is; nor a past, for nothing there has passed away. Everything is always present, since it is always the same, as it were well pleased with itself as it is. Each of the things there is intellect and being, and the whole is all Intellect and all being. Intellect, by thinking, makes being exist; being, by being thought, gives Intellect its thinking and its being. But the cause of thinking is something else, which is also the cause of being. So there is another thing that causes both together.
ἅμα μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖνα καὶ συνυπάρχει καὶ οὐκ ἀπολείπει ἄλληλα, ἀλλὰ δύο ὄντα τοῦτο τὸ ἓν ὁμοῦ νοῦς καὶ ὂν καὶ νοοῦν καὶ νοούμενον, ὁ μὲν νοῦς κατὰ τὸ νοεῖν, τὸ δὲ ὂν κατὰ τὸ νοούμενον. οὐ γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο τὸ νοεῖν ἑτερότητος μὴ οὔσης καὶ ταυτότητος δέ. γίνεται οὖν τὰ πρῶτα νοῦς, ὄν, ἑτερότης, ταυτότης· δεῖ δὲ καὶ κίνησιν λαβεῖν καὶ στάσιν. καὶ κίνησιν μέν, εἰ νοεῖ, στάσιν δέ, ἵνα τὸ αὐτό. τὴν δὲ ἑτερότητα, ἵν’ ᾖ νοοῦν καὶ νοούμενον. ἢ ἐὰν ἀφέλῃς τὴν ἑτερότητα, ἓν γενόμενον σιωπήσεται· δεῖ δὲ καὶ τοῖς νοηθεῖσιν ἑτερότητα πρὸς ἄλληλα εἶναι. ταὐτὸν δέ, ἐπεὶ ἓν ἑαυτῷ, καὶ κοινὸν δέ τι ἐν πᾶσι· καὶ ἡ διαφορὰ ἑτερότης.
For Intellect and being are together, they coexist and do not leave each other. This one thing is two at once: Intellect and being, thinking and thought—Intellect as thinking, being as thought. For there could be no thinking without otherness, and without sameness too. So the first things are Intellect, being, otherness and sameness; and we must also include motion and rest. Motion, if it thinks; rest, so that it may stay the same. Otherness, so that there may be a thinker and something thought. Otherwise, if you take away otherness, it will become one and fall silent. The things thought must also be other in relation to one another. Sameness, since it is one with itself, and there is also something common to all of them; and their difference is otherness.
ταῦτα δὲ πλείω γενόμενα ἀριθμὸν καὶ τὸ ποσὸν ποιεῖ· καὶ τὸ ποιὸν δὲ ἡ ἑκάστου τούτων ἰδιότης, ἐξ ὧν ὡς ἀρχῶν τἆλλα.
And these, as they become more than one, make number and quantity; and the distinctive character of each of them makes quality. From these, as from principles, come all the rest.
πολὺς οὖν οὗτος ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ τῇ ψυχῇ τῇδε ὑπάρχει ἐν τούτοις εἶναι συναφθείσῃ, εἰ μὴ ἀποστατεῖν ἐθέλοι. πελάσασα οὖν αὐτῷ καὶ οἷον ἓν γενομένη ζητεῖ. τίς οὖν ὁ τοῦτον γεννήσας, ὁ ἁπλοῦς καὶ ὁ πρὸ [τοῦ] τοιούτου, ὁ αἴτιος τοῦ καὶ εἶναι καὶ πολὺν εἶναι τοῦτον, ὁ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ποιῶν; ὁ γὰρ ἀριθμὸς οὐ πρῶτος· καὶ γὰρ πρὸ [τῆς] δυάδος τὸ ἕν, δεύτερον δὲ δυὰς καὶ παρὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς γεγενημένη ἐκεῖνο ὁριστὴν ἔχει, αὐτὴ δὲ ἀόριστον παρ’ αὑτῆς· ὅταν δὲ ὁρισθῇ, ἀριθμὸς ἤδη· ἀριθμὸς δὲ ὡς οὐσία. ἀριθμὸς δὲ καὶ ἡ ψυχή. οὐ γὰρ ὄγκοι τὰ πρῶτα οὐδὲ μεγέθη· τὰ γὰρ παχέα ταῦτα ὕστερα, ἃ ὄντα ἡ αἴσθησις οἴεται.
This god, then, is many, and the soul here is granted to be among these things once it has been joined to him, unless it chooses to desert. So, having drawn near to him and become, as it were, one with him, it asks: who, then, begot him? Who is the simple one, prior to [the] such a being, the cause both of his existing and of his being many, the one who makes number? For number is not first. The One is prior to [the] Dyad as well, and the Dyad is second. Having come from the One, the Dyad has the One as what defines it, while of itself it is indefinite; once it is defined, it is already number—number as substance. And soul too is number. For the first things are not masses or magnitudes. These gross things, which perception takes to be beings, come later.
οὐδὲ ἐν σπέρμασι δὲ τὸ ὑγρὸν τὸ τίμιον, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὁρώμενον· τοῦτο δὲ ἀριθμὸς καὶ λόγος. ὁ οὖν ἐκεῖ λεγόμενος ἀριθμὸς καὶ ἡ δυὰς λόγοι καὶ νοῦς· ἀλλὰ ἀόριστος μὲν ἡ δυὰς τῷ οἷον ὑποκειμένῳ λαμβανομένη, ὁ δὲ ἀριθμὸς ὁ ἐξ αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ἑνὸς εἶδος ἑκάστου οἷον μορφωθέντος τοῖς γενομένοις εἴδεσιν ἐν αὐτῷ· μορφοῦται δὲ ἄλλον μὲν τρόπον παρὰ τοῦ ἑνός, ἄλλον δὲ παρ’ αὑτοῦ, οἷον ὄψις ἡ κατ’ ἐνέργειαν. ⟨…⟩ ἔστι γὰρ ἡ νόησις ὅρασις ὁρῶσα [καὶ] ἄμφω τὸ ἕν.
Even in seeds it is not the moisture that is precious, but what is not seen; and that is number and rational principle. So the number spoken of There, and the Dyad, are rational principles and Intellect. But the Dyad is indefinite when it is taken as, so to speak, the substrate. The number that comes from it and from the One is Form for each, as though it were shaped by the Forms that came to be in it. It is shaped in one way by the One and in another way by itself, like sight in act. ⟨…⟩ For thinking is sight that sees, [and] the two are one.
How anything comes from the One
Praying alone to the alone, Plotinus explains how the One generates while remaining still.
πῶς οὖν ὁρᾷ καὶ τίνα, καὶ πῶς ὅλως ὑπέστη καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου γέγονεν, ἵνα καὶ ὁρᾷ; νῦν μὲν γὰρ τὴν ἀνάγκην τοῦ εἶναι ταῦτα ἡ ψυχὴ ἔχει, ἐπιποθεῖ δὲ τὸ θρυλούμενον δὴ τοῦτο καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πάλαι σοφοῖς, πῶς ἐξ ἑνὸς τοιούτου ὄντος, οἷον λέγομεν τὸ ἓν εἶναι, ὑπόστασιν ἔσχεν ὁτιοῦν εἴτε πλῆθος εἴτε δυὰς εἴτε ἀριθμός, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἔμεινεν ἐκεῖνο ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ, τοσοῦτον δὲ πλῆθος ἐξερρύη, ὃ ὁρᾶται μὲν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, ἀνάγειν δὲ αὐτὸ πρὸς ἐκεῖνο ἀξιοῦμεν. ὧδε οὖν λεγέσθω θεὸν αὐτὸν ἐπικαλεσαμένοις οὐ λόγῳ γεγωνῷ, ἀλλὰ τῇ ψυχῇ ἐκτείνασιν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς εὐχὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον, εὔχεσθαι τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον δυναμένους μόνους πρὸς μόνον.
How, then, does it see, and whom does it see? And how did it come to exist at all, and come from that, so that it can see? For now soul grasps that these things must exist. But it longs for an answer to the question so much discussed even among the wise men of old: how, from the One, being such as we say the One is, anything came to have a hypostasis, whether a multiplicity or a dyad or a number. Why did it not remain by itself? Why did so great a multiplicity flow out of it—the multiplicity we see in the things that are, but think it right to trace back to it? Let us speak of it, then, in this way. First let us call on god himself, not with spoken words but by stretching ourselves out in soul toward him in prayer, since in this way we can pray alone to the alone.
δεῖ τοίνυν θεατὴν ἐκείνου ἐν τῷ εἴσω οἷον νεῷ ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ ὄντος, μένοντος ἡσύχου ἐπέκεινα ἁπάντων, τὰ οἷον πρὸς τὰ ἔξω ἤδη ἀγάλματα ἑστῶτα, μᾶλλον δὲ ἄγαλμα τὸ πρῶτον ἐκφανὲν θεᾶσθαι πεφηνὸς τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον· παντὶ τῷ κινουμένῳ δεῖ τι εἶναι, πρὸς ὃ κινεῖται· μὴ ὄντος δὲ ἐκείνῳ μηδενὸς μὴ τιθώμεθα αὐτὸ κινεῖσθαι, ἀλλ’ εἴ τι μετ’ αὐτὸ γίνεται, ἐπιστραφέντος ἀεὶ ἐκείνου πρὸς αὑτὸ ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι γεγονέναι. ἐκποδὼν δὲ ἡμῖν ἕστω γένεσις ἡ ἐν χρόνῳ τὸν λόγον περὶ τῶν ἀεὶ ὄντων ποιουμένοις· τῷ δὲ λόγῳ τὴν γένεσιν προσάπτοντας αὐτοῖς αἰτίας καὶ τάξεως ἀποδόσει τὸ γοῦν γινόμενον ἐκεῖθεν οὐ κινηθέντος φατέον γίνεσθαι· εἰ γὰρ κινηθέντος αὐτοῦ τι γίνοιτο, τρίτον ἀπ’ ἐκείνου τὸ γινόμενον μετὰ τὴν κίνησιν ἂν γίνοιτο καὶ οὐ δεύτερον.
That one is by itself, within, as in the inner part of a temple, remaining still beyond all things. So whoever would see it must contemplate what are, as it were, the statues already standing toward the outside—or rather the first statue to come to light—and this has appeared in the following way. Everything that moves must have something toward which it moves. But since that has nothing toward which to move, let us not suppose that it moves. Rather, if something comes into being after it, it must have come into being while that is always turned toward itself. Let coming-to-be in time be out of our way, since we are discussing things that always are. When, in our account, we attribute coming-to-be to them, as a way of assigning cause and order, we must at any rate say that what comes from There comes without that being moved. For if something came into being when it was moved, what came into being would come after the motion, and would be third from it, not second.
δεῖ οὖν ἀκινήτου ὄντος, εἴ τι δεύτερον μετ’ αὐτό, οὐ προσνεύσαντος οὐδὲ βουληθέντος οὐδὲ ὅλως κινηθέντος ὑποστῆναι αὐτό.
So if there is something second after it, it must have come into existence while that remains unmoved: without its inclining toward it, without its willing it, without its being moved at all.
πῶς οὖν; καὶ τί δεῖ νοῆσαι περὶ ἐκεῖνο μένον; περίλαμψιν ἐξ αὐτοῦ μέν, ἐξ αὐτοῦ δὲ μένοντος, οἷον ἡλίου τὸ περὶ αὐτὸν λαμπρὸν φῶς περιθέον, ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἀεὶ γεννώμενον μένοντος. καὶ πάντα τὰ ὄντα ἕως μένει ἐκ τῆς αὐτῶν οὐσίας ἀναγκαίαν τὴν περὶ αὐτὰ πρὸς τὸ ἔξω αὐτῶν ἐκ τῆς παρούσης δυνάμεως δίδωσιν αὐτῶν ἐξηρτημένην ὑπόστασιν, εἰκόνα οὖσαν οἷον ἀρχετύπων ὧν ἐξέφυ, πῦρ μὲν τὴν παρ’ αὐτοῦ θερμότητα· καὶ χιὼν οὐκ εἴσω μόνον τὸ ψυχρὸν κατέχει· μάλιστα δὲ ὅσα εὐώδη μαρτυρεῖ τούτῳ· ἕως γὰρ ἔστι, πρόεισί τι ἐξ αὐτῶν περὶ αὐτά, ὧν ἀπολαύει ὑποστάντων ὅ τι πλησίον. καὶ πάντα δὲ ὅσα ἤδη τέλεια γεννᾷ· τὸ δὴ ἀεὶ τέλειον ἀεὶ καὶ ἀίδιον γεννᾷ· καὶ ἔλαττον δὲ ἑαυτοῦ γεννᾷ. τί οὖν χρὴ περὶ τοῦ τελειοτάτου λέγειν;
How, then? And what should we think surrounds it while it remains? A radiance from it—from it, while it remains—like the bright light that runs round the sun, always born from it while the sun remains. All the things that exist, as long as they remain, necessarily give off from their own being, out of the power present in them, a hypostasis around them, directed outward and dependent on them. It is an image, as it were, of the archetypes from which it grew. Fire gives off the heat that comes from it; snow does not keep its cold only inside; and fragrant things above all bear witness to this. For as long as they exist, something goes out from them and surrounds them, and whatever is near enjoys it, now that it exists. And all things, once they are perfect, generate. What is always perfect, then, generates always, and generates something eternal; and it generates something less than itself. What, then, should we say about the most perfect?
μηδὲν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ἢ τὰ μέγιστα μετ’ αὐτό. μέγιστον δὲ μετ’ αὐτὸ νοῦς καὶ δεύτερον· καὶ γὰρ ὁρᾷ ὁ νοῦς ἐκεῖνο καὶ δεῖται αὐτοῦ μόνου· ἐκεῖνο δὲ τούτου οὐδὲν· καὶ τὸ γεννώμενον ἀπὸ κρείττονος νοῦ νοῦν εἶναι, καὶ κρείττων ἁπάντων νοῦς, ὅτι τἆλλα μετ’ αὐτόν· οἷον καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ λόγος νοῦ καὶ ἐνέργειά τις, ὥσπερ αὐτὸς ἐκείνου. ἀλλὰ ψυχῆς μὲν ἀμυδρὸς ὁ λόγος· ὡς γὰρ εἴδωλον νοῦ, ταύτῃ καὶ εἰς νοῦν βλέπειν δεῖ· νοῦς δὲ ὡσαύτως πρὸς ἐκεῖνο, ἵνα ᾖ νοῦς. ὁρᾷ δὲ αὐτὸ οὐ χωρισθείς, ἀλλ’ ὅτι μετ’ αὐτὸ καὶ μεταξὺ οὐδέν, ὡς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ.
That nothing comes from it except the greatest things after it. And the greatest after it is Intellect, which is second. For Intellect sees it and needs it alone; but it needs nothing of Intellect. What is generated from what is greater than Intellect must be Intellect, and Intellect is greater than all things, because the rest come after it. In the same way soul is a rational principle of Intellect and a kind of activity of it, as Intellect itself is of that. But the rational principle of soul is dim. Since soul is an image of Intellect, for that reason it must look to Intellect; and Intellect, in the same way, must look to that, in order to be Intellect. It sees it not as separated from it, but because it comes right after it and there is nothing in between—just as there is nothing between soul and Intellect either.
ποθεῖ δὲ πᾶν τὸ γεννῆσαν [τὸ γεγεννημένον] καὶ τοῦτο ἀγαπᾷ, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν ὦσι μόνοι τὸ γεννῆσαν καὶ τὸ γεγεννημένον· ὅταν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἄριστον ᾖ τὸ γεννῆσαν, ἐξ ἀνάγκης σύνεστιν αὐτῷ, ὡς τῇ ἑτερότητι μόνον κεχωρίσθαι.
Everything [begotten] longs for what begot it and loves it, especially when begetter and begotten are alone. And when the begetter is also the best, the begotten is necessarily with it, so that they are separated only by otherness.
εἰκόνα δὲ ἐκείνου εἶναι λέγομεν τὸν νοῦν· δεῖ γὰρ σαφέστερον λέγειν· πρῶτον μέν, ὅτι δεῖ πως εἶναι ἐκείνου τὸ γεννώμενον καὶ ἀποσώζειν πολλὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶναι ὁμοιότητα πρὸς αὐτό, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ φῶς τοῦ ἡλίου. ἀλλ’ οὐ νοῦς ἐκεῖνο. πῶς οὖν νοῦν γεννᾷ; ἢ ὅτι τῇ ἐπιστροφῇ πρὸς αὑτὸ ἑώρα· ἡ δὲ ὅρασις αὕτη νοῦς. τὸ γὰρ καταλαμβάνον ἄλλο ἢ αἴσθησις ἢ νοῦς· ⟨…⟩ αἴσθησιν γραμμὴν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ⟨…⟩. ἀλλ’ ὁ κύκλος τοιοῦτος οἷος μερίζεσθαι· τοῦτο δὲ οὐχ οὕτως. ἢ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἓν μέν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἓν δύναμις πάντων. ὧν οὖν ἐστι δύναμις, ταῦτα ἀπὸ τῆς δυνάμεως οἷον σχιζομένη ἡ νόησις καθορᾷ. ἢ οὐκ ἂν ἦν νοῦς.
We say that Intellect is an image of that—for we must speak more clearly. First, because what is generated must in a way be that, and preserve much of it, and be like it, as the light of the sun is like the sun. But that is not Intellect. How, then, does it generate Intellect? Or rather: because in its return toward itself it saw; and this seeing is Intellect. For what grasps something else is either perception or intellect; ⟨…⟩ perception a line, and so on ⟨…⟩. But the circle is the sort of thing that can be divided; this is not so. Or rather: here too there is one, but the one is the power of all things. So the things of which it is the power are what thinking beholds, splitting itself off, as it were, from the power. Otherwise it would not be Intellect.
ἐπεὶ καὶ παρ’ αὑτοῦ ἔχει ἤδη οἷον συναίσθησιν τῆς δυνάμεως, ὅτι δύναται οὐσίαν αὐτὸς γεννᾶν δι’ αὑτὸν καὶ ὁρίζειν τὸ εἶναι αὑτῷ τῇ παρ’ ἐκείνου δυνάμει, καὶ ὅτι οἷον μέρος ἕν τι τῶν ἐκείνου καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου ἡ οὐσία καὶ ῥώννυται παρ’ ἐκείνου καὶ τελειοῦται εἰς οὐσίαν παρ’ ἐκείνου καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου. ὁρᾷ δὲ αὑτῷ ἐκεῖθεν οἷον μεριστῷ ἐξ ἀμερίστου καὶ τὸ ζῆν καὶ τὸ νοεῖν καὶ πάντα, ὅτι ἐκεῖνο μηδὲν τῶν πάντων· ταύτῃ γὰρ πάντα ἐξ ἐκείνου, ὅτι μή τινι μορφῇ κατείχετο ἐκεῖνο· μόνον γὰρ ἓν ἐκεῖνο. καὶ ὁ μὲν πάντα ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἂν ἦν ⟨…⟩. διὰ τοῦτο ἐκεῖνο οὐδὲν μὲν τῶν ἐν τῷ νῷ, ἐξ αὐτοῦ δὲ πάντα.
For it already has from itself a kind of self-awareness of its power: that it is able, by itself, to generate being and to define its being for itself by the power that comes from that. It is aware that its being is, as it were, one part of what belongs to that, and comes from that, and is strengthened by that, and is perfected into being by that and out of that. From There it sees, for itself, as something divided coming from what is undivided, its living and its thinking and all things, because that is none of all things. For this is how all things come from it: because it was not held fast by any shape; that alone is one. And Intellect would be all things among the things that are ⟨…⟩. That is why that is none of the things in Intellect, but all things come from it.
διὸ καὶ οὐσίαι ταῦτα· ὥρισται γὰρ ἤδη καὶ οἷον μορφὴν ἕκαστον ἔχει· τὸ δὲ ὂν δεῖ οὐκ ἐν ἀορίστῳ οἷον θεωρεῖσθαι, ἀλλ’ ὅρῳ πεπῆχθαι καὶ στάσει· στάσις δὲ τοῖς νοητοῖς ὁρισμὸς καὶ μορφή, οἷς καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν λαμβάνει.
That is why these are beings: each is already defined and has, as it were, a shape. Being must not be seen, as it were, in the indefinite; it must be fixed by limit and by rest. And rest, for intelligibles, is definition and shape, and by these they also receive their hypostasis.
ταύτης τοι γενεᾶς ὁ νοῦς οὗτος ἄξιος τοῦ καθαρωτάτου μηδ’ ἄλλοθεν ἢ ἐκ τῆς πρώτης ἀρχῆς φῦναι, γενόμενον δὲ ἤδη τὰ ὄντα πάντα σὺν αὑτῷ γεννῆσαι, πᾶν μὲν τὸ τῶν ἰδεῶν κάλλος, πάντας δὲ θεοὺς νοητούς· πλήρη δὲ ὄντα ὧν ἐγέννησε καὶ ὥσπερ καταπιόντα πάλιν τῷ ἐν αὑτῷ ἔχειν μηδὲ ἐκπεσεῖν εἰς ὕλην μηδὲ τραφῆναι παρὰ τῇ Ῥέᾳ, ὡς τὰ μυστήρια καὶ οἱ μῦθοι οἱ περὶ θεῶν αἰνίττονται Κρόνον μὲν θεὸν σοφώτατον πρὸ τοῦ Διὸς γενέσθαι [διὰ τὸ] ἃ γεννᾷ πάλιν ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχειν, ᾗ καὶ πλήρης καὶ νοῦς ἐν κόρῳ· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτά φασι Δία γεννᾶν κόρον ἤδη ὄντα· ψυχὴν γὰρ γεννᾷ νοῦς, νοῦς ὢν τέλειος. καὶ γὰρ τέλειον ὄντα γεννᾶν ἔδει, καὶ μὴ δύναμιν οὖσαν τοσαύτην ἄγονον εἶναι.
Of this lineage, then, is this Intellect, a lineage worthy of the purest Intellect. It springs from nowhere else than from the first principle; and once born, it generates together with itself all the things that are—all the beauty of the Forms, all the intelligible gods. Full of what it has generated, it swallows them down again, as it were, by keeping them within itself, so that they do not fall out into matter or get raised by Rhea. This is what the mysteries and the myths about the gods hint at: that Kronos, the wisest god, existed before the birth of Zeus, [because he] holds again within himself what he generates—and in this respect he is full and is Intellect in fullness. After this, they say, he generates Zeus, being already full. For Intellect generates Soul, being perfect Intellect. Being perfect, it had to generate; being so great a power, it could not be barren.
κρεῖττον δὲ οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν εἶναι οὐδ’ ἐνταῦθα τὸ γεννώμενον, ἀλλ’ ἔλαττον ὂν εἴδωλον εἶναι αὐτοῦ, ἀόριστον μὲν ὡσαύτως, ὁριζόμενον δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ γεννήσαντος καὶ οἷον εἰδοποιούμενον. νοῦ δὲ γέννημα λόγος τις καὶ ὑπόστασις τὸ διανοούμενον· τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ τὸ περὶ νοῦν κινούμενον καὶ νοῦ φῶς καὶ ἴχνος ἐξηρτημένον ἐκείνου, κατὰ θάτερα μὲν συνηγμένον ἐκείνῳ καὶ ταύτῃ ἀποπιμπλάμενον καὶ ἀπολαῦον καὶ μεταλαμβάνον αὐτοῦ καὶ νοοῦν, κατὰ θάτερα δὲ ἐφαπτόμενον τῶν μετ’ αὐτό, μᾶλλον δὲ γεννῶν καὶ αὐτό, ἃ ψυχῆς ἀνάγκη εἶναι χείρονα· περὶ ὧν ὕστερον λεκτέον καὶ μέχρι τούτων τὰ θεῖα.
But here too what is generated could not be greater. It had to be less, an image of it: indefinite in the same way, but defined by what generated it and, as it were, given form. The offspring of Intellect is a kind of rational principle and a hypostasis: what thinks discursively. This is what moves around Intellect, the light and trace of Intellect, dependent on it. On one side it is joined to Intellect, and so is filled, enjoying it, sharing in it and thinking. On the other side it touches what comes after it—or rather it generates these too, things that must be worse than soul. We must discuss them later. The divine extends this far.
The three natures in the ancients
Plato, Parmenides and other early thinkers glimpsed the One, Intellect and Soul.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὰ Πλάτωνος τριττά· πάντα περὶ τὸν πάντων βασιλέα φησὶ τὰ πρῶτα, καὶ δεύτερον περὶ τὰ δεύτερα, καὶ περὶ τὰ τρίτα τρίτον. λέγει δὲ καὶ τοῦ αἰτίου εἶναι πατέρα αἴτιον μὲν τὸν νοῦν λέγων· δημιουργὸς γὰρ ὁ νοῦς αὐτῷ· τοῦτον δέ φησι τὴν ψυχὴν ποιεῖν ἐν τῷ κρατῆρι ἐκείνῳ. τοῦ δὲ αἰτίου νοῦ ὄντος πατέρα φησὶ τἀγαθὸν καὶ τὸ ἐπέκεινα νοῦ καὶ ἐπέκεινα οὐσίας. πολλαχοῦ δὲ τὸ ὂν καὶ τὸν νοῦν τὴν ἰδέαν λέγει· ὥστε Πλάτωνα εἰδέναι ἐκ μὲν τἀγαθοῦ τὸν νοῦν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ νοῦ τὴν ψυχήν· καὶ εἶναι τοὺς λόγους τούσδε μὴ καινούς, μηδὲ νῦν ἀλλὰ πάλαι μὲν εἰρῆσθαι μὴ ἀναπεπταμένως, τοὺς δὲ νῦν λόγους ἐξηγητὰς ἐκείνων γεγονέναι μαρτυρίοις πιστωσαμένους τὰς δόξας ταύτας παλαιὰς εἶναι τοῖς αὐτοῦ (τοῦ) Πλάτωνος γράμμασιν.
This is also why Plato’s doctrines are threefold. He says that all things are around the king of all—he means the first things—and the second around the second, and the third around the third. He also speaks of the “father of the cause,” meaning Intellect by the cause, since for him Intellect is the craftsman; and he says that the craftsman makes soul in that mixing bowl. And the father of the cause, which is Intellect, he says is the Good, what is beyond Intellect and beyond being. In many places, too, he calls being and Intellect the Form. So Plato knew that Intellect comes from the Good and soul from Intellect. These doctrines, then, are not new, not of the present day. They were stated long ago, though not explicitly, and our present doctrines are interpretations of those, relying on Plato’s own writings as evidence that these views are ancient.
ἥπτετο μὲν οὖν καὶ Παρμενίδης πρότερον τῆς τοιαύτης δόξης, καθόσον εἰς ταὐτὸ συνῆγεν ὂν καὶ νοῦν, καὶ τὸ ὂν οὐκ ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἐτίθετο· ‘τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ νοεῖν ἐστίν τε καὶ εἶναι’ λέγων καὶ ἀκίνητον λέγει τοῦτο καίτοι προστιθεὶς τὸ νοεῖν σωματικὴν πᾶσαν κίνησιν ἐξαιρῶν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μένῃ ὡσαύτως, καὶ ὄγκῳ σφαίρας ἀπεικάζων, ὅτι πάντα ἔχει περιειλημμένα καὶ ὅτι τὸ νοεῖν οὐκ ἔξω, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἑαυτῷ. ἓν δὲ λέγων ἐν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ συγγράμμασιν αἰτίαν εἶχεν ὡς τοῦ ἑνὸς τούτου πολλὰ εὑρισκομένου. ὁ δὲ παρὰ Πλάτωνι Παρμενίδης ἀκριβέστερον λέγων διαιρεῖ ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων τὸ πρῶτον ἕν, ὃ κυριώτερον ἕν, καὶ δεύτερον ἓν πολλὰ λέγων, καὶ τρίτον ἓν καὶ πολλά. καὶ σύμφωνος οὕτως καὶ αὐτός ἐστι ταῖς φύσεσι ταῖς τρισίν.
Parmenides, earlier, also touched on such a view, insofar as he identified being and intellect and did not place being among perceptible things. For when he says “thinking and being are the same,” he also says that this is unmoved. Though he adds thinking to it, he takes all bodily motion away from it, so that it may remain the same; and he likens it to the mass of a sphere, because it holds all things enclosed and its thinking is not outside but within itself. But since he called it one in his own writings, he was open to criticism, because this one of his turns out to be many. The Parmenides in Plato speaks more precisely. He distinguishes from one another the first One, which is one in the more proper sense; a second, which he calls one-many; and a third, one and many. In this way he too agrees with the three natures.
Ἀναξαγόρας δὲ νοῦν καθαρὸν καὶ ἀμιγῆ λέγων ἁπλοῦν καὶ αὐτὸς τίθεται τὸ πρῶτον καὶ χωριστὸν τὸ ἕν, τὸ δ’ ἀκριβὲς δι’ ἀρχαιότητα παρῆκε. καὶ Ἡράκλειτος δὲ τὸ ἓν οἶδεν ἀίδιον καὶ νοητόν· τὰ γὰρ σώματα γίνεται ἀεὶ καὶ ῥέοντα. τῷ δὲ Ἐμπεδοκλεῖ τὸ μὲν νεῖκος διαιρεῖ, ἡ δὲ φιλία τὸ ἕν· ἀσώματον δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο· τὰ δὲ στοιχεῖα ὡς ὕλη. Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ ὕστερον χωριστὸν μὲν τὸ πρῶτον καὶ νοητόν, νοεῖν δὲ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ λέγων πάλιν αὖ οὐ τὸ πρῶτον ποιεῖ· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα νοητὰ ποιῶν καὶ τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσαι ἐν οὐρανῷ σφαῖραι, ἵν’ ἕκαστον ἑκάστην κινῇ, ἄλλον τρόπον λέγει τὰ ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἢ Πλάτων, τὸ εὔλογον οὐκ ἔχων ἀνάγκην τιθέμενος.
Anaxagoras too, in saying that Intellect is pure and unmixed, posits the first as simple and the One as separate; but because he lived so long ago he neglected precision. Heraclitus too knows the One as eternal and intelligible, for bodies are always coming to be and flowing away. For Empedocles, Strife divides and Love is the One—he too makes this incorporeal—and the elements serve as matter. Aristotle, later, makes the first separate and intelligible; but by saying that it thinks itself he in turn makes it not the first. And by positing many other intelligibles as well, as many as there are spheres in heaven, so that each may move one sphere, he describes the intelligible world differently from Plato; lacking a reasonable account, he posits necessity.
ἐπιστήσειε δ’ ἄν τις εἰ καὶ εὐλόγως· εὐλογώτερον γὰρ πάσας πρὸς μίαν σύνταξιν συντελούσας πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ πρῶτον βλέπειν. ζητήσειε δ’ ἄν τις τὰ πολλὰ νοητὰ εἰ ἐξ ἑνός ἐστιν αὐτῷ τοῦ πρώτου ἢ πολλαὶ αἱ ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀρχαί· καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐξ ἑνός, ἀνάλογον δηλονότι ἕξει ὡς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς αἱ σφαῖραι ἄλλης ἄλλην περιεχούσης, μιᾶς δὲ τῆς ἔξω κρατούσης· ὥστε περιέχοι ἂν κἀκεῖ τὸ πρῶτον καὶ κόσμος νοητὸς ἔσται καὶ ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα αἱ σφαῖραι οὐ κεναί, ἀλλὰ μεστὴ ἄστρων ἡ πρώτη, αἱ δὲ ἔχουσιν ἄστρα, οὕτω κἀκεῖ τὰ κινοῦντα πολλὰ ἐν αὑτοῖς ἕξει καὶ τὰ ἀληθέστερα ἐκεῖ. εἰ δ’ ἕκαστον ἀρχή, κατὰ συντυχίαν αἱ ἀρχαὶ ἔσονται· καὶ διὰ τί συνέσονται καὶ πρὸς ἓν ἔργον τὴν τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ συμφωνίαν ὁμονοήσουσιν;
One might question whether he does so even reasonably. For it is more reasonable that all the spheres, contributing as they do to one coordinated system, should look toward one thing, the first. And one might ask whether, for him, the many intelligibles come from one, the first, or whether there are many principles in the intelligible world. If they come from one, the arrangement will clearly be analogous to that of the spheres among perceptible things, each enclosing another, with one, the outermost, in control. So There too the first would enclose the rest, and there will be an intelligible cosmos. And just as here the spheres are not empty—the first is full of stars, and the others have stars—so There too the movers will have many things in them, and the things there will be truer. But if each is a principle, the principles will be there by chance. Then why will they come together and agree, for one work, on the harmony of the whole heaven?
πῶς δὲ ἴσα πρὸς τὰ νοητὰ καὶ κινοῦντα τὰ ἐν οὐρανῷ αἰσθητά; πῶς δὲ καὶ πολλὰ οὕτως ἀσώματα ὄντα ὕλης οὐ χωριζούσης; ὥστε τῶν ἀρχαίων οἱ μάλιστα συντασσόμενοι τοῖς Πυθαγόρου καὶ τῶν μετ’ αὐτὸν καὶ Φερεκύδου δὲ περὶ ταύτην μὲν ἔσχον τὴν φύσιν· ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν ἐξειργάσαντο ἐν τοῖς αὑτῶν λόγοις, οἱ δὲ οὐκ ἐν λόγοις, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἀγράφοις ἐδείκνυον συνουσίας ἢ ὅλως ἀφεῖσαν.
And how can the perceptible things in heaven be equal in number to the intelligibles that move them? And how can these be many in this way, when they are incorporeal and there is no matter to separate them? So those of the ancients who most closely aligned themselves with the doctrines of Pythagoras and his followers, and of Pherecydes, kept to this nature. But some of them worked it out in their own writings, while others showed it not in writings but in unwritten teaching, or left it alone altogether.
ὅτι δὲ οὕτω χρὴ νομίζειν ἔχειν, ὡς ἔστι μὲν τὸ ἐπέκεινα ὄντος τὸ ἕν, οἷον ἤθελεν ὁ λόγος δεικνύναι ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν περὶ τούτων ἐνδείκνυσθαι, ἔστι δὲ ἐφεξῆς τὸ ὂν καὶ νοῦς, τρίτη δὲ ἡ τῆς ψυχῆς φύσις, ἤδη δέδεικται. ὥσπερ δὲ ἐν τῇ φύσει τριττὰ ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ εἰρημένα, οὕτω χρὴ νομίζειν καὶ παρ’ ἡμῖν ταῦτα εἶναι. λέγω δὲ οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς — χωριστὰ γὰρ ταῦτα — ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τοῖς αἰσθητῶν ἔξω, καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τὸ ἔξω, ὥσπερ κἀκεῖνα τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ ἔξω, οὕτω καὶ τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, οἷον λέγει Πλάτων τὸν εἴσω ἄνθρωπον.
It has now been shown that we must think things are like this: that there is the One beyond being, of the kind the argument wanted to show, as far as it was possible to show anything about these matters; that next there are being and Intellect; and third, the nature of soul. And just as in nature there are these three we have mentioned, so we must think they are present in us too. I do not mean in perceptible things—for these three are separate—but in what lies outside the perceptible. And “outside” in the same sense: just as those are outside the whole heaven, so too are these in the human being, what Plato calls the inner man.
ἔστι τοίνυν καὶ ἡ ἡμετέρα ψυχὴ θεῖόν τι καὶ φύσεως ἄλλης, ὁποία πᾶσα ἡ ψυχῆς φύσις· τελεία δὲ ἡ νοῦν ἔχουσα· νοῦς δὲ ὁ μὲν λογιζόμενος, ὁ δὲ λογίζεσθαι παρέχων. τὸ δὴ λογιζόμενον τοῦτο τῆς ψυχῆς οὐδενὸς πρὸς τὸ λογίζεσθαι δεόμενον σωματικοῦ ὀργάνου, τὴν δὲ ἐνέργειαν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν καθαρῷ ἔχον, ἵνα καὶ λογίζεσθαι καθαρῶς οἷόν τε ᾖ, χωριστὸν καὶ οὐ κεκραμένον σώματι ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ νοητῷ τις τιθέμενος οὐκ ἂν σφάλλοιτο. οὐ γὰρ τόπον ζητητέον οὗ ἱδρύσομεν, ἀλλ’ ἔξω τόπου παντὸς ποιητέον. οὕτω γὰρ τὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ καὶ τὸ ἔξω καὶ τὸ ἄυλον, ὅταν μόνον ᾖ οὐδὲν ἔχον παρὰ τῆς σώματος φύσεως.
So our soul too is something divine and of another nature, like the whole nature of soul; and it is perfect when it has intellect. One intellect reasons; another makes reasoning possible. Now this reasoning part of the soul needs no bodily organ for reasoning; it keeps its activity in purity, so that it can also reason purely. One would not be wrong to place it, separate and unmixed with body, in the first intelligible. For we must not look for a place to settle it in; we must put it outside all place. This is how what is by itself, outside, and immaterial is, when it is alone and has nothing from the nature of body.
διὰ τοῦτο ‘καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν’ φησὶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παντὸς ‘τὴν ψυχὴν περιέβαλεν’ ἐνδεικνύμενος τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ μένον· ἐπὶ δὲ ἡμῶν ἀνακύπτειν ἐπ’ ἄκρα εἴρηκε τῇ κεφαλῇ. καὶ ἡ παρακέλευσις δὲ τοῦ χωρίζειν οὐ τόπῳ λέγεται — τοῦτο γὰρ φύσει κεχωρισμένον ἐστίν — ἀλλὰ τῇ μὴ νεύσει καὶ ταῖς φαντασίαις καὶ τῇ ἀλλοτριότητι τῇ πρὸς τὸ σῶμα, εἴ πως καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἀναγάγοι τις καὶ συνενέγκαι πρὸς τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ ἐνταῦθα αὐτῆς ἱδρυμένον, ὃ μόνον ἐστὶ σώματος δημιουργὸν καὶ πλαστικὸν καὶ τὴν πραγματείαν περὶ τοῦτο ἔχον.
That is why he says of the All that “he wrapped soul around it from outside as well,” pointing to the part of soul that remains in the intelligible; and of us he said that soul “raises its head” to the heights. And the injunction to separate soul from body is not meant spatially—this part is separate by nature—but in the sense of not inclining toward body, in our imaginings too, and of being estranged from the body. Perhaps then one might also lead up the rest of the soul and bring it together with what is above, even the part of it settled here, which alone is the craftsman and shaper of the body and is busy with it.
οὔσης οὖν ψυχῆς τῆς λογιζομένης περὶ δικαίων καὶ καλῶν καὶ λογισμοῦ ζητοῦντος εἰ τοῦτο δίκαιον καὶ εἰ τοῦτο καλόν, ἀνάγκη εἶναι καὶ ἑστώς τι δίκαιον, ἀφ’ οὗ καὶ ὁ λογισμὸς περὶ ψυχὴν γίνεται. ἢ πῶς ἂν λογίσαιτο;
Since there is a soul that reasons about what is just and beautiful, and reasoning that asks whether this is just and whether that is beautiful, there must also be something just that is stable, from which reasoning in the soul arises. How else could it reason?
καὶ εἰ ὁτὲ μὲν λογίζεται περὶ τούτων ψυχή, ὁτὲ δὲ μή, δεῖ [μὴ] τὸν λογιζόμενον, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ ἔχοντα τὸ δίκαιον νοῦν ἐν ἡμῖν εἶναι, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὴν νοῦ ἀρχὴν καὶ αἰτίαν καὶ θεόν, οὐ μεριστοῦ ἐκείνου ὄντος, ἀλλὰ μένοντος ἐκείνου, καὶ οὐκ ἐν τόπῳ μένοντα ἐν πολλοῖς αὖ θεωρεῖσθαι καθ’ ἕκαστον τῶν δυναμένων δέχεσθαι οἷον ἄλλον αὐτόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ κέντρον ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ ἐστιν, ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ἐν τῷ κύκλῳ σημεῖον ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ αἱ γραμμαὶ τὸ ἴδιον προσφέρουσι πρὸς τοῦτο· τῷ γὰρ τοιούτῳ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐφαπτόμεθα καὶ σύνεσμεν καὶ ἀνηρτήμεθα· ἐνιδρύμεθα δὲ οἳ ἂν συννεύωμεν ἐκεῖ.
And if soul sometimes reasons about these things and sometimes does not, there must be in us an intellect that does [not] reason but always possesses what is just. There must also be the principle and cause of Intellect, and god. Not that it is divided; it remains. And while it remains, not in a place, it is seen in many, in each of those able to receive it, as if it were another one. So too the center is by itself, yet each of the radii in the circle has its point in the center, and the lines bring their own point to it. For it is by something of this kind in us that we too touch it, are with it, and depend on it; and those of us who converge toward it are settled There.
πῶς οὖν ἔχοντες τὰ τηλικαῦτα οὐκ ἀντιλαμβανόμεθα, ἀλλ’ ἀργοῦμεν ταῖς τοιαύταις ἐνεργείαις τὰ πολλά, οἱ δὲ οὐδ’ ὅλως ἐνεργοῦσιν; [ἢ] ἐκεῖνα μέν ἐστιν ἐν ταῖς αὐτῶν ἐνεργείαις ἀεί, νοῦς καὶ τὸ πρὸ νοῦ ἀεὶ ἐν ἑαυτῷ — καὶ ψυχῇ δὲ τὸ ἀεικίνητον οὕτως· οὐ γὰρ πᾶν ὃ ἐν ψυχῇ ἤδη αἰσθητόν, ἀλλὰ ἔρχεται εἰς ἡμᾶς, ὅταν εἰς αἴσθησιν ἴῃ — ὅταν δὲ ἐνεργοῦν ἕκαστον μὴ μεταδιδῷ τῷ αἰσθανομένῳ, οὔπω δι’ ὅλης ψυχῆς ἐλήλυθεν. οὔπω οὖν γινώσκομεν ἅτε μετὰ τοῦ αἰσθητικοῦ ὄντες καὶ οὐ μόριον ψυχῆς, ἀλλ’ ἡ ἅπασα ψυχὴ ὄντες. καὶ ἔτι ἕκαστον τῶν ψυχικῶν ζῶν ἀεὶ ἐνεργεῖ ἀεὶ καθ’ αὑτὸ τὸ αὑτοῦ· τὸ δὲ γνωρίζειν, ὅταν μετάδοσις γένηται καὶ ἀντίληψις.
How is it, then, that we have such great things and do not apprehend them, but are mostly idle in these activities, and some people are not active in them at all? [Or rather:] those things are always in their own activities. Intellect, and what is before Intellect, are always in themselves; and so, in this way, is soul, the ever-moving. For not everything in soul is immediately perceived; it reaches us when it enters perception. But when each part, though active, does not share its activity with what perceives, it has not yet passed through the whole soul. So we do not yet know it, because we are with the perceptive faculty, and we are not a part of soul but the whole soul. Moreover, each of soul’s powers, being alive, is always active, each always doing its own work by itself; but knowing comes about when there is sharing and apprehension.
δεῖ τοίνυν, εἰ τῶν οὕτω παρόντων ἀντίληψις ἔσται, καὶ τὸ ἀντιλαμβανόμενον εἰς τὸ εἴσω ἐπιστρέφειν, κἀκεῖ ποιεῖν τὴν προσοχὴν ἔχειν· ὥσπερ εἴ τις ἀκοῦσαι ἀναμένων, ἣν ἐθέλει φωνήν, τῶν ἄλλων φωνῶν ἀποστὰς τὸ οὖς ἐγείρει πρὸς τὸ ἄμεινον τῶν ἀκουστῶν, ὁπότε ἐκεῖνο προσέλθοι, οὕτω τοι καὶ ἐνταῦθα δεῖ τὰς μὲν αἰσθητὰς ἀκούσεις ἀφέντα, εἰ μὴ καθόσον ἀνάγκη, τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς εἰς τὸ ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι δύναμιν φυλάττειν καθαρὰν καὶ ἕτοιμον ἀκούειν φθόγγων τῶν ἄνω.
If, then, there is to be apprehension of what is present in this way, what apprehends must also turn inward and keep its attention there. Think of someone waiting to hear a voice he longs for: he withdraws from other sounds and keeps his ear alert for the best of all the things to be heard, for whenever it comes. So here too one must let go of the sounds of sense, except so far as necessary, and keep the soul’s power of apprehension pure and ready to hear the sounds from above.