Forage Michel de Montaigne · Essays · III.9 Of Vanity
Michel de Montaigne · Essays

III.9 Of Vanity

De la vanité · Montaigne ranges over writing, travel, household cares, and public duty, defending his love of wandering and his Roman citizenship.

ListenRead by George · AI voice · 2 hr 24 min (this part) · 44 hr 18 min in all
Chapters

    MP3 of this part (69 MB)

    FrenchEnglish

    IL n’en est à l’auanture aucune plus expresse, que d’en escrire si vainement. Ce que la diuinité nous en a si diuinement exprimé, deburoit estre soigneusement et continuellement medité, par les gens d’entendement. Qui ne voit, que i’ay pris vne route, par laquelle sans cesse et sans trauail, i’iray autant, qu’il y aura d’ancre et de papier au monde? Ie ne puis tenir registre de ma vie, par mes actions: Fortune les met trop bas: ie le tiens par mes fantasies. Si ay-ie veu vn Gentil-homme, qui ne communiquoit sa vie, que par les operations de son ventre. Vous voyiez chez luy, en montre, vn ordre de bassins de sept ou huict iours. C’estoit son estude, ses discours. Tout autre propos luy puoit.

    There is perhaps no more obvious vanity than to write about it so vainly. What the Divinity has so divinely expressed to us on this subject ought to be meditated carefully and continually by people of understanding. Who does not see that I have taken a road along which I shall go on, without stopping and without effort, as long as there is ink and paper in the world? I cannot keep a record of my life by my actions: Fortune sets them too low. I keep it by my notions. Yet I have seen a gentleman who communicated his life only through the workings of his belly. At his house you would see on display a row of chamber pots, seven or eight days’ worth. That was his study, his conversation. Every other topic stank to him.

    The “Divinity” alludes to Ecclesiastes: “Vanity of vanities, all is vanity.”

    Ce sont icy, vn peu plus ciuilement, des excremens d’vn vieil esprit: dur tantost, tantost lasche: et tousiours indigeste. Et quand seray-ie à bout de representer vne continuelle agitation et mutation de mes pensees, en quelque matiere qu’elles tombent, puisque Diomedes remplit six mille liures, du seul subiect de la grammaire? Que doit produire le babil, puisque le begaiement et desnouement de la langue, estouffa le monde d’vne si horrible charge de volumes? Tant de paroles, pour les paroles seules. O Pythagoras, que n’esconjuras-tu cette tempeste! On accusoit vn Galba du temps passé, de ce qu’il viuoit oyseusement. Il respondit, que chacun deuoit rendre raison de ses actions, non pas de son seiour.

    Here, a little more politely, are the excrements of an old mind: hard at times, at times loose, and always undigested. And when shall I ever finish portraying the continual agitation and change of my thoughts, whatever subject they fall on, since Diomedes filled six thousand books with the subject of grammar alone? What must babbling produce, since the stammering and first loosening of the tongue smothered the world under so horrible a load of volumes? So many words, for the sake of words alone! O Pythagoras, why did you not conjure away this storm? A Galba of olden times was accused of living idly. He replied that each man must give an account of his actions, not of his leisure.

    Montaigne probably means Didymus, the Alexandrian grammarian said by Seneca to have written four thousand books. Pythagoras imposed years of silence on his disciples.

    Il se trompoit: car la iustice a cognoissance et animaduersion aussi, sur ceux qui chaument. Mais il y deuroit auoir quelque coërction des loix, contre les escriuains ineptes et inutiles, comme il y a contre les vagabons et faineants. On banniroit des mains de nostre peuple, et moy, et cent autres. Ce n’est pas moquerie. L’escriuaillerie semble estre quelque symptome d’vn siecle desbordé. Quand escriuismes nous tant, que depuis que nous sommes en trouble? quand les Romains tant, que lors de leur ruyne? Outre-ce que l’affinement des esprits, ce n’en est pas l’assagissement, en vne police: cet embesongnement oisif, naist de ce que chacun se prent laschement à l’office de sa vacation, et s’en desbauche.

    He was wrong: for justice also takes notice of those who sit idle, and punishes them. But there ought to be some legal restraint against inept and useless writers, as there is against vagabonds and idlers. Both I and a hundred others would be banished from our people’s hands. This is no joke. Scribbling seems to be a kind of symptom of an unruly age. When did we ever write so much as since our troubles began? When did the Romans, as at the time of their ruin? Besides the fact that sharpening minds does not make them wiser in a state, this idle busyness comes from each man applying himself slackly to the duty of his calling, and straying from it.

    La corruption du siecle se fait, par la contribution particuliere de chacun de nous. Les vns y conferent la trahison, les autres l’iniustice, l’irreligion, la tyrannie, l’auarice, la cruauté, selon qu’ils sont plus puissans: les plus foibles y apportent la sottise, la vanité, l’oisiueté: desquels ie suis. Il semble que ce soit la saison des choses vaines, quand les dommageables nous pressent. En vn temps, où le meschamment faire est si commun, de ne faire qu’inutilement, il est comme louable. Ie me console que ie seray des derniers, sur qui il faudra mettre la main. Ce pendant qu’on pouruoira aux plus pressans, i’auray loy de m’amender. Car il me semble que ce seroit contre raison, de poursuyure les menus inconuenients, quand les grands nous infestent.

    The corruption of the age is made up of the particular contribution of each of us. Some contribute treachery, others injustice, irreligion, tyranny, avarice, cruelty, according to how powerful they are; the weaker bring folly, vanity, idleness—and I am one of these. It seems to be the season for vain things when harmful ones press upon us. In a time when doing wickedly is so common, to do only what is useless is almost praiseworthy. I console myself that I shall be among the last to be laid hold of. While the more pressing cases are being dealt with, I shall have time to mend my ways. For it seems to me that it would be against reason to prosecute petty nuisances when great ones are plaguing us.

    Et le medecin Philotimus, à vn qui luy presentoit le doigt à penser, auquel il recognoissoit au visage, et à l’haleine, vn vlcere aux poulmons: Mon amy, fit-il, ce n’est pas à cette heure le temps de t’amuser à tes ongles.

    As the physician Philotimus said to a man who held out his finger for him to dress, and in whom he recognized, by his face and his breath, an ulcer of the lungs: “My friend, this is no time to be fussing over your fingernails.”

    Philotimus was a Greek physician; the anecdote comes from Plutarch.

    Ie vis pourtant sur ce propos, il y a quelques annees, qu’vn personnage, de qui i’ay la memoire en recommandation singuliere, au milieu de nos grands maux, qu’il n’y auoit ny loy, ny iustice, ny magistrat, qui fist son office: non plus qu’à cette heure: alla publier ie ne sçay quelles chetiues reformations, sur les habillemens, la cuisine et la chicane. Ce sont amusoires dequoy on paist vn peuple mal-mené, pour dire qu’on ne l’a pas du tout mis en oubly. Ces autres font de mesme, qui s’arrestent à deffendre à toute instance, des formes de parler, les dances, et les ieux, à vn peuple abandonné à toute sorte de vices execrables.

    Yet on this subject I saw, some years ago, a personage whose memory I hold in singular esteem go and publish, in the midst of our great ills, when there was neither law nor justice nor magistrate doing its duty—any more than there is now—I know not what paltry reforms concerning clothes, cooking and legal chicanery. These are toys with which a mistreated people is fed, to show that it has not been wholly forgotten. Those others do the same who insist with all urgency on forbidding certain ways of speaking, dances and games to a people abandoned to every sort of execrable vice.

    Il n’est pas temps de se lauer et decrasser, quand on est atteint d’vne bonne fiéure. C’est à faire aux seuls Spartiates, de se mettre à se peigner et testonner, sur le poinct qu’ils se vont precipiter à quelque extreme hazard de leur vie. Quant à moy, i’ay cette autre pire coustume, que si i’ay vn escarpin de trauers, ie laisse encores de trauers, et ma chemise et ma cappe: ie desdaigne de m’amender à demy. Quand ie suis en mauuais estat, ie m’acharne au mal. Ie m’abandonne par desespoir, et me laisse aller vers la cheute, et iette, comme lon dit, le manche apres la coignee. Ie m’obstine à l’empirement: et ne m’estime plus digne de mon soing. Ou tout bien ou tout mal.

    It is no time to wash and scrub yourself when you are in the grip of a good fever. Only the Spartans would set about combing and dressing their hair at the very moment they were about to hurl themselves into some extreme peril of their lives. As for me, I have this other, worse habit: if one of my slippers is on crooked, I leave my shirt and my cloak crooked too; I disdain to mend myself by halves. When I am in a bad way, I throw myself into the ill. I abandon myself in despair and let myself slide toward the fall, and throw, as they say, the handle after the axe. I persist in getting worse, and no longer think myself worth my own care. Either all good or all bad.

    Ce m’est faueur, que la desolation de cet estat, se rencontre à la desolation de mon aage. Ie souffre plus volontiers, que mes maux en soient rechargez, que si mes biens en eussent esté troublez. Les paroles que i’exprime au mal-heur, sont paroles de despit. Mon courage se herisse au lieu de s’applatir. Et au rebours des autres, ie me trouue plus deuost, en la bonne, qu’en la mauuaise fortune: suyuant le precepte de Xenophon, sinon suyuant sa raison. Et fais plus volontiers les doux yeux au ciel, pour le remercier, que pour le requerir. I’ay plus de soing d’augmenter la santé, quand elle me rit, que ie n’ay de la remettre, quand ie l’ay escartee.

    It is a favor to me that the desolation of this state coincides with the desolation of my age. I more readily accept that my ills should be added to by it than I would if my goods had been disturbed by it. The words I utter in misfortune are words of spite. My heart bristles instead of lying flat. And contrary to others, I find myself more devout in good fortune than in bad, following the precept of Xenophon, if not his reasoning. And I more readily make sweet eyes at heaven to thank it than to petition it. I take more care to increase my health when it smiles on me than to restore it when I have lost it.

    In the Cyropaedia Xenophon advises praying to the gods in prosperity so as to be heard by them in adversity.

    Les prosperitez me seruent de discipline et d’instruction, comme aux autres, les aduersitez et les verges. Comme si la bonne fortune estoit incompatible auec la bonne conscience: les hommes ne se rendent gents de bien, qu’en la mauuaise. Le bon heur m’est vn singulier aiguillon, à la moderation, et modestie. La priere me gaigne, la menace me rebute, la faueur me ploye, la crainte me roydit. Parmy les conditions humaines, cette-cy est assez commune, de nous plaire plus des choses estrangeres que des nostres, et d’aymer le remuement et le changement. Ipsa dies ideo nos grato perluit haustu, / Quód permutatis hora recurrit equis. I’en tiens ma part.

    Prosperity serves me as discipline and instruction, as adversity and the rod serve others. As if good fortune were incompatible with a good conscience, men become good only in bad fortune. Good luck is a singular spur to me toward moderation and modesty. Entreaty wins me, threats repel me; favor bends me, fear stiffens me. Among human traits this one is fairly common: to be more pleased with other people’s things than with our own, and to love movement and change. The daylight itself delights us with its welcome draught for this reason, / that the hour comes round with changed horses. I have my share of it.

    Petronius.

    Ceux qui suyuent l’autre extremité, de s’aggreer en eux-mesmes: d’estimer ce qu’ils tiennent au dessus du reste: et de ne recognoistre aucune forme plus belle, que celle qu’ils voyent: s’ils ne sont plus aduisez que nous, ils sont à la verité plus heureux. Ie n’enuie point leur sagesse, mais ouy leur bonne fortune. Cette humeur auide des choses nouuelles et incognues, ayde bien à nourrir en moy, le desir de voyager: mais assez d’autres circonstances y conferent. Ie me destourne volontiers du gouuernement de ma maison. Il y a quelque commodité à commander, fust ce dans vne grange, et à estre obey des siens. Mais c’est vn plaisir trop vniforme et languissant. Et puis il est par necessité meslé de plusieurs pensements fascheux.

    Those who follow the other extreme—being pleased with themselves, valuing what they possess above all else, and recognizing no form more beautiful than the one they see—if they are not wiser than we are, they are in truth happier. I do not envy their wisdom, but I do envy their good fortune. This temperament, greedy for new and unknown things, does much to feed in me the desire to travel; but plenty of other circumstances contribute to it. I readily turn away from managing my household. There is some satisfaction in commanding, even if only in a barn, and in being obeyed by one’s own people. But it is too monotonous and languid a pleasure. And then it is necessarily mixed with many vexing thoughts.

    Tantost l’indigence et l’oppression de vostre peuple: tantost la querelle d’entre vos voysins: tantost l’vsurpation qu’ils font sur vous, vous afflige: Aut verberatæ grandine vineæ, / Fundusque mendax, arbore nunc aquas / Culpante, nunc torrentia agros / Sydera, nunc hyemes iniquas. Et qu’à peine en six mois, enuoyera Dieu vne saison, dequoy vostre receueur se contente bien à plain: et que si elle sert aux vignes, elle ne nuyse aux prez. Aut nimiis torret feruoribus ætherius sol, / Aut subiti perimunt imbres, gelidæque pruinæ, / Flabràque ventorum violento turbine vexant. Ioinct le soulier neuf, et bien formé, de cet homme du temps passé, qui vous blesse le pied.

    Now it is the poverty and oppression of your people, now a quarrel between your neighbors, now their encroachments on you, that afflict you: Or vines beaten down by hail, / and the farm that betrays its promise, the trees blaming now the rains, / now the stars that scorch / the fields, now the cruel winters. And the fact that in six months God will scarcely send one season that fully satisfies your steward, or one that, if it is good for the vines, does not harm the meadows: Either the sun in the heavens scorches with excessive heat, / or sudden rains and icy frosts destroy, / and blasts of wind harry with violent whirlwinds. Add to this the new, well-made shoe of that man of olden times, which pinches your foot.

    The verses are from Horace, Odes, and Lucretius, On the Nature of Things. The shoe is that of the Roman in Plutarch who, divorcing his wife, said that no one but the wearer knows where a fine shoe pinches.

    Et que l’estranger n’entend pas, combien il vous couste, et combien vous prestez, à maintenir l’apparence de cet ordre, qu’on void en vostre famille: et qu’à l’auanture l’achetez vous trop cher.

    And the fact that outsiders do not understand how much it costs you, and how much you contribute, to keep up the appearance of the order seen in your household; and that perhaps you pay too dear for it.

    Running a household

    Montaigne dislikes managing his estate, whose small domestic thorns sting him more than great ills.

    Ie me suis pris tard au mesnage. Ceux que Nature auoit fait naistre auant moy, m’en ont deschargé long temps. I’auois des-ja pris vn autre ply, plus selon ma complexion. Toutesfois de ce que i’en ay veu, c’est vn’ occupation plus empeschante, que difficile. Quiconque est capable d’autre chose, le sera bien aysément de celle là. Si ie cherchois à m’enrichir, cette voye me sembleroit trop longue. I’eusse seruy les Roys, trafique plus fertile que toute autre.

    I took up household management late. Those whom Nature had caused to be born before me relieved me of it for a long time. I had already taken another bent, more in keeping with my constitution. Still, from what I have seen of it, it is an occupation more bothersome than difficult. Anyone capable of anything else will very easily be capable of that. If I were seeking to grow rich, this road would seem too long to me. I would have served kings, a more profitable trade than any other.

    Puis que ie ne pretens acquerir que la reputation de n’auoir rien acquis, non plus que dissipé: conformément au reste de ma vie, impropre à faire bien et à faire mal qui vaille: et que ie ne cherche qu’à passer, ie le puis faire, Dieu mercy, sans grande attention. Au pis aller, courez tousiours par retranchement de despence, deuant la pauureté. C’est à quoy ie m’attends, et de me reformer, auant qu’elle m’y force. I’ay estably au demeurant, en mon ame, assez de degrez, à me passer de moins, que ce que i’ay. Ie dis, passer auec contentement.

    Since I aim to acquire only the reputation of having acquired nothing, nor squandered anything either—in keeping with the rest of my life, unfit for doing either good or ill of any account—and since I seek only to get by, I can do it, thank God, without much attention. At worst, always run ahead of poverty by cutting expenses. That is what I am counting on: to reform myself before it forces me to. Besides, I have set up in my soul enough steps for doing with less than I have. I mean doing with it contentedly.

    Non æstimatione census, verùm victu atque cultu, terminatur pecuniæ modus. Mon vray besoing n’occupe pas si iustement tout mon auoir, que sans venir au vif, Fortune n’ait où mordre sur moy. Ma presence, toute ignorante et desdaigneuse qu’elle est, preste grande espaule à mes affaires domestiques. Ie m’y employe, mais despiteusement. Ioinct que i’ay cela chez moy, que pour brusler à part, la chandelle par mon bout, l’autre bout ne s’espargne de rien.

    It is not by the assessment of one’s property but by one’s way of living and keeping that the measure of wealth is fixed. My real need does not take up all my property so exactly that Fortune has nowhere to bite me without cutting to the quick. My presence, ignorant and disdainful as it is, lends great support to my domestic affairs. I apply myself to them, but grudgingly. Besides, in my house it is so arranged that, for all I burn the candle at my own end, the other end is not spared in the least.

    Cicero, Paradoxes of the Stoics.

    Les voyages ne me blessent que par la despence, qui est grande, et outre mes forces: ayant accoustumé d’y estre auec equippage non necessaire seulement, mais aussi honneste. Il me les en faut faire d’autant plus courts et moins frequents: et n’y employe que l’escume, et ma reserue, temporisant et differant, selon qu’elle vient. Ie ne veux pas, que le plaisir de me promener, corrompe le plaisir de me retirer. Au rebours, i’entends qu’ils se nourrissent, et fauorisent l’vn l’autre. La Fortune m’a aydé en cecy: que puis que ma principale profession en cette vie, estoit de la viure mollement, et plustost laschement qu’affaireusement; elle m’a osté le besoing de multiplier en richesses, pour pouruoir à la multitude de mes heritiers.

    Travel hurts me only through the expense, which is great and beyond my means, since I am used to traveling with a retinue that is not only necessary but also respectable. So I must make my journeys all the shorter and less frequent, and I spend on them only the skimmings and my reserve, waiting and postponing according as it comes in. I do not want the pleasure of roaming to spoil the pleasure of retirement. On the contrary, I intend them to nourish and favor each other. Fortune has helped me in this: since my principal profession in this life was to live it softly, and lazily rather than busily, she has spared me the need to multiply my riches to provide for a multitude of heirs.

    Pour vn, s’il n’a assez de ce, dequoy i’ay eu si plantureusement assez, à son dam. Son imprudence ne meritera pas, que ie luy en desire d’auantage. Et chascun, selon l’exemple de Phocion, pouruoid suffisamment à ses enfants, qui leur pouruoid, en tant qu’ils ne luy sont dissemblables. Nullement seroy-ie d’aduis du faict de Crates. Il laissa son argent chez vn banquier, auec cette condition: si ses enfants estoient des sots, qu’il le leur donnast; s’ils estoient habiles, qu’il le distribuast aux plus sots du peuple. Comme si les sots, pour estre moins capables de s’en passer, estoient plus capables d’vser des richesses.

    As for my one heir: if he does not have enough of what I have had so plentifully enough of, so much the worse for him. His imprudence will not deserve my wishing him more. And everyone, following the example of Phocion, provides sufficiently for his children who provides for them insofar as they are not unlike him. I would by no means approve of what Crates did. He left his money with a banker on this condition: if his children were fools, he was to give it to them; if they were capable, he was to distribute it among the biggest fools of the people. As if fools, being less able to do without riches, were more able to use them.

    Tant y a, que le dommage qui vient de mon absence, ne me semble point meriter, pendant que i’auroy dequoy le porter, que ie refuse d’accepter les occasions qui se presentent, de me distraire de cette assistance penible.

    Be that as it may, the damage that comes from my absence does not seem to me to warrant, as long as I have the means to bear it, my refusing the opportunities that come up to get away from this tiresome attendance.

    Il y a tousiours quelque piece qui va de trauers. Les negoces, tantost d’vne maison, tantost d’vne autre, vous tirassent. Vous esclairez toutes choses de trop pres. Votre perspicacité vous nuit icy, comme si fait elle assez ailleurs. Ie me desrobe aux occasions de me fascher: et me destourne de la cognoissance des choses, qui vont mal. Et si ne puis tant faire, qu’à toute heure ie ne heurte chez moy, en quelque rencontre, qui me desplaise. Et les fripponneries, qu’on me cache le plus, sont celles que ie sçay le mieux. Il en est que pour faire moins mal, il faut ayder soy mesme à cacher. Vaines pointures: vaines par fois, mais tousiours pointures. Les plus menus et graisles empeschemens, sont les plus persans.

    There is always some piece going awry. Business, now from one house, now from another, tugs at you. You see everything from too close. Your sharp-sightedness harms you here, as it does often enough elsewhere. I slip away from occasions for vexation, and turn away from knowing about things that are going badly. And yet I cannot manage it so well that at every hour I do not bump into something at home that displeases me. And the knaveries most hidden from me are the ones I know best. There are some that, to make things less bad, you must help to hide yourself. Vain stings—vain at times, but always stings. The smallest and slenderest hindrances are the most piercing.

    Et comme les petites lettres lassent plus les yeux, aussi nous piquent plus les petits affaires: la tourbe des menus maux, offence plus, que la violence d’vn, pour grand qu’il soit. A mesure que ces espines domestiques sont drues et desliees, elles nous mordent plus aigu, et sans menace, nous surprenant facilement à l’impourueu. Ie ne suis pas philosophe. Les maux me foullent selon qu’ils poisent: et poisent selon la forme, comme selon la matiere: et souuent plus. I’y ay plus de perspicacité que le vulgaire, si i’y ay plus de patience. En fin s’ils ne me blessent, ils me poisent. C’est chose tendre que la vie, et aysee à troubler.

    And just as small print tires the eyes more, so small matters sting us more: a throng of petty ills offends more than the violence of one, however great. The thicker and finer these domestic thorns are, the more sharply they bite us, and without warning, easily catching us unawares. I am not a philosopher. Ills crush me according to their weight; and they weigh according to their form as well as their matter, and often more. I see into them more keenly than ordinary people do, and yet I also have more patience. In short, if they do not wound me, they weigh on me. Life is a tender thing, and easily disturbed.

    Depuis que i’ay le visage tourné vers le chagrin, nemo enim resistit sibi cùm cœperit impelli, pour sotte cause qui m’y ayt porté: i’irrite l’humeur de ce costé là: qui se nourrit apres, et s’exaspere, de son propre branle, attirant et ammoncellant vne matiere sur autre, dequoy se paistre. Stillicidi casus lapidem cauat. Ces ordinaires goutieres me mangent, et m’vlcerent. Les inconuenients ordinaires ne sont iamais legers. Ils sont continuels et irreparables, quand ils naissent des membres du mesnage, continuels et inseparables. Quand ie considere mes affaires de loing, et en gros; ie trouue, soit pour n’en auoir la memoire gueres exacte, qu’ils sont allez iusques à cette heure, en prosperant, outre mes contes et mes raisons.

    Once my face is turned toward vexation—for no one resists himself once he has begun to be pushed—however silly the cause that brought me there, I provoke my temper in that direction, and afterward it feeds itself and grows exasperated by its own motion, drawing in and heaping up one material on another to feed on. The falling of drops hollows the stone. These ordinary drippings eat away at me and ulcerate me. Ordinary troubles are never light. They are continual and irreparable, especially when they arise from members of the household, who are continual and inseparable. When I consider my affairs from afar and as a whole, I find—perhaps because I do not remember them very exactly—that up to now they have gone on prospering beyond my reckonings and calculations.

    Seneca, Letters, and Lucretius.

    I’en retire ce me semble plus, qu’il n’y en a: leur bon heur me trahit. Mais suis-ie au dedans de la besongne, voy-ie marcher toutes ces parcelles? Tum verò in curas animum diducimur omnes: mille choses m’y donnent à desirer et craindre. De les abandonner du tout, il m’est tres-facile: de m’y prendre sans m’en peiner, tres-difficile. C’est pitié, d’estre en lieu où tout ce que vous voyez, vous embesongne, et vous concerne. Et me semble iouyr plus gayement les plaisirs d’vne maison estrangere, et y apporter le goust plus libre et pur. Diogenes respondit selon moy, à celuy qui luy demanda quelle sorte de vin il trouuoit le meilleur: L’estranger, feit il.

    I get more out of them, it seems to me, than there is in them: their good luck deceives me. But when I am inside the work, and see all these little parts moving—Then indeed our mind is pulled apart into every care—a thousand things there make me wish and fear. To abandon them altogether is very easy for me; to take them on without fretting, very hard. It is a pitiful thing to be in a place where everything you see keeps you busy and concerns you. And I seem to enjoy the pleasures of another man’s house more gaily, and to bring to them a freer and purer taste. Diogenes answered as I would to the man who asked him what kind of wine he found best: “Someone else’s,” he said.

    Virgil, Aeneid.

    Mon pere aymoit à bastir Montaigne, où il estoit nay: et en toute cette police d’affaires domestiques, i’ayme à me seruir de son exemple, et de ses regles; et y attacheray mes successeurs autant que ie pourray. Si ie pouuois mieux pour luy, ie le feroys. Ie me glorifie que sa volonté s’exerce encores, et agisse par moy. Ia Dieu ne permette que ie laisse faillir entre mes mains, aucune image de vie, que ie puisse rendre à vn si bon pere. Ce que ie me suis meslé d’acheuer quelque vieux pan de mur, et de renger quelque piece de bastiment mal dolé, ç’a esté certes, regardant plus à son intention, qu’à mon contentement.

    My father loved building at Montaigne, where he was born; and in all this administration of domestic affairs I like to follow his example and his rules, and I shall bind my successors to them as far as I can. If I could do better for him, I would. I take pride that his will still operates and acts through me. God forbid that I should let fail in my hands any image of life that I can give back to so good a father. Whatever I have taken it upon myself to do in finishing some old section of wall, or putting in order some badly hewn part of the building, has certainly been more out of regard for his intention than for my own satisfaction.

    Pierre Eyquem enlarged and rebuilt the family house.

    Et accuse ma faineance, de n’auoir passé outre, à parfaire les commencements qu’il a laissez en sa maison: d’autant plus, que ie suis en grands termes d’en estre le dernier possesseur de ma race, et d’y porter la derniere main. Car quant à mon application particuliere, ny ce plaisir de bastir, qu’on dit estre si attrayant, ny la chasse, ny les iardins, ny ces autres plaisirs de la vie retiree, ne me peuuent beaucoup amuser. C’est chose dequoy ie me veux mal, comme de toutes autres opinions qui me sont incommodes. Ie ne me soucie pas tant de les auoir vigoureuses et doctes, comme ie me soucie de les auoir aisees et commodes à la vie.

    And I blame my idleness for not having gone further and completed what he began in his house—all the more since I am very likely to be the last owner of it of my line, and to put the last hand to it. For as for my own inclination, neither this pleasure of building, which they say is so attractive, nor hunting, nor gardens, nor the other pleasures of the retired life can amuse me much. That is something I hold against myself, as I do all my other opinions that are inconvenient to me. I do not care so much to have them vigorous and learned as I care to have them easy and convenient for living.

    Elles sont bien assez vrayes et saines, si elles sont vtiles et aggreables. Ceux qui m’oyans dire mon insuffisance aux occupations du mesnage, me viennent souffler aux oreilles que c’est desdaing, et que ie laisse de sçauoir les instrumens du labourage, ses saisons, son ordre, comment on fait mes vins, comme on ente, et de sçauoir le nom et la forme des herbes et des fruicts, et l’apprest des viandes, dequoy ie vis: le nom et prix des estoffes, de quoy ie m’abille, pour auoir à cœur quelque plus haute science, ils me font mourir. Cela, c’est sottise: et plustost bestise, que gloire. Ie m’aymerois mieux bon escuyer, que bon logicien.

    They are true and sound enough if they are useful and agreeable. Those who, hearing me speak of my incompetence in household matters, come whispering in my ear that it is disdain, and that I neglect to know the tools of farming, its seasons, its order, how my wines are made, how grafting is done, and to know the names and forms of the plants and fruits, and the preparation of the foods I live on, the names and prices of the cloth I dress in, because I have set my heart on some higher science—they are the death of me. That is foolishness, and stupidity rather than glory. I would rather be a good horseman than a good logician.

    Quin tu aliquid saltem potius quorum indiget vsus, / Viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco? Nous empeschons noz pensees du general, et des causes et conduittes vniuerselles: qui se conduisent tresbien sans nous: et laissons en arriere nostre faict: et Michel, qui nous touche encore de plus pres que l’homme.

    Why not rather set about weaving at least something that need requires, / out of osiers and soft rushes? We encumber our thoughts with the general, and with universal causes and workings, which run perfectly well without us; and we leave behind our own business, and Michel, who touches us even more closely than man does.

    Or i’arreste bien chez moy le plus ordinairement: mais ie voudrois m’y plaire plus qu’ailleurs. Sit meæ sedes vtinam senectæ, / Sit modus lasso maris, et viarum, / Militiæque! Ie ne sçay si i’en viendray à bout. Ie voudrois qu’au lieu de quelque autre piece de sa succession, mon pere m’eut resigné cette passionnee amour, qu’en ses vieux ans il portoit à son mesnage. Il estoit bien heureux, de ramener ses desirs, à sa fortune, et de se sçauoir plaire de ce qu’il auoit. La philosophie politique aura bel accuser la bassesse et sterilité de mon occupation, si i’en puis vne fois prendre le goust, comme luy.

    Now I do stay at home most of the time, but I would like to take more pleasure in it than anywhere else. Would that it might be the home of my old age, / the end for one weary of sea and roads / and soldiering! I do not know whether I shall manage it. I wish that, instead of some other part of his estate, my father had handed down to me the passionate love he bore for his household in his old age. He was very happy to bring his desires down to the level of his fortune, and to know how to be pleased with what he had. Political philosophy may condemn the lowliness and barrenness of my occupation all it likes, if I can once acquire a taste for it, as he did.

    Ie suis de cet auis, que la plus honorable vacation, est de seruir au publiq, et estre vtile à beaucoup. Fructus enim ingenij et virtutis, omnisque præstantiæ tum maximus accipitur, quum in proximum quemque confertur. Pour mon regard ie m’en despars: partie par conscience: (car par où ie vois le poix qui touche telles vacations, ie vois aussi le peu de moyen que i’ay d’y fournir: et Platon maistre ouurier en tout gouuernement politique, ne laissa de s’en abstenir) partie par poltronerie. Ie me contente de iouïr le monde, sans m’en empresser: de viure vne vie, seulement excusable: et qui seulement ne poise, ny à moy, ny à autruy.

    I am of the opinion that the most honorable calling is to serve the public and be useful to many. For the fruits of talent, of virtue and of every excellence are most fully reaped when they are bestowed on those nearest us. For my part, I hold back from it: partly out of conscience (for just as I see the weight that bears on such callings, I also see how little means I have to meet it; and Plato, a master craftsman in all political government, nonetheless abstained from it), partly out of cowardice. I am content to enjoy the world without bustling about in it; to live a life that is merely excusable, and that merely does not burden either me or anyone else.

    Iamais homme ne se laissa aller plus plainement et plus laschement, au soing et gouuernement d’vn tiers, que ie ferois, si i’auois à qui. L’vn de mes souhaits pour cette heure, ce seroit de trouuer vn gendre, qui sçeust appaster commodément mes vieux ans, et les endormir: entre les mains de qui ie deposasse en toute souueraineté, la conduite et vsage de mes biens: qu’il en fist ce que i’en fais, et gaignast sur moy ce que i’y gaigne: pourueu qu’il y apportast vn courage vrayement recognoissant, et amy. Mais quoy? nous viuons en vn monde, où la loyauté des propres enfans est incognue.

    Never did a man let himself go more completely and more limply into the care and governance of someone else than I would, if I had someone to do it. One of my wishes at present would be to find a son-in-law who could comfortably feed my old age and lull it to sleep; into whose hands I might deposit, in full sovereignty, the management and use of my property; let him do with it what I do, and gain from me what I gain from it, provided he brought to it a truly grateful and friendly heart. But what can you do? We live in a world where loyalty is unknown even in one’s own children.

    Trusting servants

    He lets others keep his purse and prefers not knowing to suspicion and constant accounting.

    Qui a la garde de ma bourse en voyage, il l’a pure et sans contrerolle: aussi bien me tromperoit il en comptant. Et si ce n’est vn diable, ie l’oblige à bien faire, par vne si abandonnee confiance. Multi fallere docuerunt, dum timent falli, et aliis ius peccandi suspicando fecerunt. La plus commune seureté, que ie prens de mes gens, c’est la mescognoissance. Ie ne presume les vices qu’apres que ie les aye veuz: et m’en fie plus aux ieunes, que i’estime moins gastez par mauuais exemple. I’oy plus volontiers dire, au bout de deux mois, que i’ay despandu quatre cens escus, que d’auoir les oreilles battues tous les soirs, de trois, cinq, sept.

    Whoever keeps my purse when I travel has it entirely and without audit; he could cheat me in his reckoning anyway. And unless he is a devil, I oblige him to behave well by so unreserved a trust. Many have taught others to deceive by fearing to be deceived, and by suspecting them have given them the right to do wrong. The commonest security I take with my people is not knowing. I do not presume vices until I have seen them, and I trust the young more, thinking them less spoiled by bad example. I would rather hear at the end of two months that I have spent four hundred crowns than have my ears battered every evening with three, five, seven.

    Si ay-ie esté desrobé aussi peu qu’vn autre de cette sorte de larrecin. Il est vray, que ie preste la main à l’ignorance. Ie nourris à escient, aucunement trouble et incertaine la science de mon argent. Iusques à certaine mesure, ie suis content, d’en pouuoir doubter. Il faut laisser vn peu de place à la desloyauté, ou imprudence de vostre valet. S’il nous en reste en gros, dequoy faire nostre effect, cet excez de la liberalité de la Fortune, laissons le vn peu plus courre à sa mercy. La portion du glanneur. Apres tout, ie ne prise pas tant la foy de mes gents, comme ie mesprise leur iniure. O le vilain et sot estude, d’estudier son argent, se plaire à le manier et recomter!

    And yet I have been robbed in this way as little as anyone. It is true that I lend a hand to my own ignorance. I deliberately keep my knowledge of my money somewhat muddled and uncertain. Up to a certain point I am content to be able to doubt it. You must leave a little room for your servant’s dishonesty or carelessness. If on the whole we have enough left to do what we need, let us leave this surplus of Fortune’s liberality to run a little more at her mercy. The gleaner’s share. After all, I do not prize my people’s honesty as much as I make light of the wrongs they do me. Oh, what a vile and stupid study, to study one’s money, to take pleasure in handling it and counting it over!

    c’est par là, que l’auarice faict ses approches.

    it is by that path that avarice makes its approaches.

    Dépuis dix huict ans, que ie gouuerne des biens, ie n’ay sçeu gaigner sur moy, de voir, ny tiltres, ny mes principaux affaires qui ont necessairement à passer par ma science, et par mon soing. Ce n’est pas vn mespris philosophique, des choses transitoires et mondaines: ie n’ay pas le goust si espuré, et les prise pour le moins ce qu’elles valent: mais certes c’est paresse et negligence inexcusable et puerile. Que ne feroy ie plustost que de lire vn contract? Et plustost, que d’aller secoüant ces paperasses poudreuses, serf de mes negoces? ou encore pis, de ceux d’autruy, comme font tant de gents à prix d’argent? Ie n’ay rien cher que le soucy et la peine: et ne cherche qu’à m’anonchalir et auachir.

    In the eighteen years I have been managing property, I have never been able to bring myself to look at either the title deeds or my principal affairs, which must necessarily pass through my knowledge and my care. It is not a philosophical contempt for transitory and worldly things: my taste is not so refined, and I value them at least at what they are worth. No, it is certainly an inexcusable and childish laziness and negligence. What would I not do rather than read a contract? Rather than go shaking out those dusty papers, a slave to my own business? Or, worse still, to other people’s, as so many do for money? Nothing costs me as dear as care and trouble, and I seek only to grow slack and idle.

    I’estoy, ce croy-je, plus propre, à viure de la fortune d’autruy, s’il se pouuoit, sans obligation et sans seruitude. Et si ne sçay, à l’examiner de pres, si selon mon humeur et mon sort, ce que i’ay à souffrir des affaires, et des seruiteurs, et des domestiques, n’a point plus d’abiection, d’importunité, et d’aigreur, que n’auroit la suitte d’vn homme, nay plus grand que moy, qui me guidast vn peu à mon aise. Seruitus obedientia est fracti animi et abiecti, arbitrio carentis suo. Crates fit pis, qui se ietta en la franchise de la pauureté, pour se deffaire des indignitez et cures de la maison. Cela ne ferois-ie pas.

    I was better suited, I believe, to live on someone else’s fortune, if that could be done without obligation and without servitude. And yet, looking at it closely, I do not know whether, given my temperament and my lot, what I have to put up with from my affairs, my servants and my household does not involve more abjection, importunity and bitterness than following in the train of a man born greater than I, who would guide me a little at my ease. Servitude is the obedience of a broken and abject spirit that lacks a will of its own. Crates did worse: he threw himself into the freedom of poverty to rid himself of the indignities and cares of a household. That I would not do.

    Ie hay la pauureté à pair de la douleur: mais ouy bien, changer cette sorte de vie, à vne autre moins braue, et moins affaireuse.

    I hate poverty as much as pain. But I would indeed exchange this kind of life for another less grand and less busy.

    Absent, ie me despouille de tous tels pensemens: et sentirois moins lors la ruyne d’vne tour, que ie ne fais present, la cheute d’vne ardoyse. Mon ame se démesle bien ayséement à part, mais en presence, elle souffre, comme celle d’vn vigneron. Vne rene de trauers à mon cheual, vn bout d’estriuiere qui batte ma iambe, me tiendront tout vn iour en eschec. I’esleue assez mon courage à l’encontre des inconueniens, les yeux, ie ne puis. Sensus! ô superi sensus!

    When I am away, I strip myself of all such thoughts, and I would then feel the collapse of a tower less than I feel, when present, the fall of a slate. My mind disentangles itself easily when it is apart, but on the spot it suffers like a vinedresser’s. A rein crooked on my horse, an end of stirrup leather flapping against my leg, will keep me out of sorts a whole day. I can raise my courage well enough against misfortunes; my eyes, I cannot. O senses! O gods above, the senses!

    Ie suis chez moy, respondant de tout ce qui va mal. Peu de maistres, ie parle de ceux de moyenne condition, comme est la mienne: et s’il en est, ils sont plus heureux: se peuuent tant reposer, sur vn second, qu’il ne leur reste bonne part de la charge. Cela oste volontiers quelque chose de ma façon, au traittement des suruenants: et en ay peu arrester quelcun par aduenture plus par ma cuisine, que par ma grace: comme font les fascheux: et oste beaucoup du plaisir que ie deurois prendre chez moy, de la visitation et assemblees de mes amys.

    At home I am answerable for everything that goes wrong. Few masters—I mean those of middling station like mine, and if there are any, they are luckier—can rely so much on a deputy that a good part of the burden does not remain on them. This tends to take something away from my manner in receiving visitors; and I may perhaps have kept someone there more by my cooking than by my graciousness, as tiresome people do; and it takes away much of the pleasure I ought to have at home from the visits and gatherings of my friends.

    La plus sotte contenance d’vn Gentil-homme en sa maison, c’est de le voir empesché du train de sa police: parler à l’oreille d’vn valet, en menacer vn autre des yeux. Elle doit couler insensiblement, et representer vn cours ordinaire. Et treuue laid, qu’on entretienne ses hostes, du traictement qu’on leur fait, autant à l’excuser qu’à le vanter. I’ayme l’ordre et la netteté, Et cantharus et lanx / Ostendunt mihi me, au prix de l’abondance: et regarde chez moy exactement à la necessité, peu à la parade. Si vn valet se bat chez autruy, si vn plat se verse, vous n’en faites que rire: vous dormez ce pendant que monsieur renge auec son maistre d’hostel, son faict, pour vostre traictement du lendemain. I’en parle selon moy.

    The silliest figure a gentleman can cut in his own house is to be seen preoccupied with running his establishment, whispering in one servant’s ear, threatening another with his eyes. It should all flow imperceptibly and look like the ordinary course of things. And I find it unseemly to entertain one’s guests with talk of how they are being treated, whether to excuse it or to boast of it. I love order and cleanliness—and the tankard and the dish / show me myself—rather than abundance; and at home I look carefully to what is necessary, little to show. If a servant gets into a fight in someone else’s house, if a dish is upset, you only laugh; you sleep while the master of the house goes over his arrangements with his steward for your entertainment the next day. I speak for myself.

    Ne laissant pas en general d’estimer, combien c’est vn doux amusement à certaines natures, qu’vn mesnage paisible, prospere, conduict par vn ordre reglé. Et ne voulant attacher à la chose, mes propres erreurs et inconuenients. Ny desdire Platon, qui estime la plus heureuse occupation à chascun, faire ses particuliers affaires sans iniustice.

    Not that I fail, in general, to recognize what a sweet pastime a peaceful, prosperous household, run in an orderly way, is for certain natures. Nor do I want to pin my own failings and inconveniences on the thing itself. Nor to contradict Plato, who considers the happiest occupation for each person to be conducting his own affairs without injustice.

    Quand ie voyage, ie n’ay à penser qu’à moy, et à l’emploicte de mon argent: cela se dispose d’vn seul precepte. Il est requis trop de parties à amasser: ie n’y entens rien. A despendre, ie m’y entens vn peu, et à donner iour à ma despence: qui est de vray son principal vsage. Mais ie m’y attens trop ambitieusement; qui la rend inegalle et difforme: et en outre immoderee en l’vn et l’autre visage. Si elle paroist, si elle sert, ie m’y laisse indiscretement aller: et me resserre autant indiscretement, si elle ne luyt, et si elle ne me rit.

    When I travel, I have only myself to think about, and the use of my money; that is settled by a single precept. Amassing requires too many qualities: I know nothing about it. Spending I understand a little, and letting my spending be seen—which is in truth its principal use. But I go about it too ambitiously, which makes it uneven and misshapen, and moreover immoderate in both directions. If it shows, if it serves, I let myself go indiscreetly; and I tighten up just as indiscreetly if it does not shine and does not smile on me.

    Qui que ce soit, ou art, ou nature, qui nous imprime cette condition de viure, par la relation à autruy, nous fait beaucoup plus de mal que de bien. Nous nous defraudons de nos propres vtilitez, pour former les apparences à l’opinion commune. Il ne nous chaut pas tant, quel soit nostre estre, en nous, et en effect, comme quel il soit, en la cognoissance publique. Les biens mesmes de l’esprit, et la sagesse, nous semblent sans fruict, si elle n’est iouye que de nous: si elle ne se produict à la veuë et approbation estrangere. Il y en a, de qui l’or coulle à gros bouillons, par des lieux sousterreins, imperceptiblement: d’autres l’estendent tout en lames et en feuilles.

    Whatever it is, art or nature, that has stamped on us this condition of living by reference to others, it does us much more harm than good. We cheat ourselves of our own advantages to shape appearances to common opinion. We care less what our being is in ourselves and in reality than what it is in public knowledge. Even the goods of the mind, and wisdom, seem fruitless to us if they are enjoyed only by ourselves, if they are not displayed to the sight and approval of others. There are some whose gold flows in great streams through underground channels, imperceptibly; others beat it all out into plates and leaves.

    Si qu’aux vns les liars valent escuz, aux autres le contraire: le monde estimant l’emploite et la valeur, selon la montre. Tout soing curieux autour des richesses sent à l’auarice. Leur dispensation mesme, et la liberalité trop ordonnee et artificielle: elles ne valent pas vne aduertance et sollicitude penible. Qui veut faire sa despense iuste, la fait estroitte et contrainte. La garde, ou l’emploitte, sont de soy choses indifferentes, et ne prennent couleur de bien ou de mal, que selon l’application de nostre volonté.

    So that for some, farthings pass for crowns, and for others the reverse, since the world judges use and value by show. All overcareful attention to riches smacks of avarice. Even giving them out, and a liberality that is too regulated and contrived—riches are not worth painful heed and anxiety. Whoever wants to make his spending exactly right makes it narrow and constrained. Keeping and spending are in themselves indifferent, and take on the color of good or evil only according to how our will applies them.

    Living among civil wars

    The corruption of the age is another reason to travel; yet societies hold together despite their vices.

    L’autre cause qui me conuie à ces promenades, c’est la disconuenance aux mœurs presentes de nostre estat: ie me consolerois aysement de cette corruption, pour le regard de l’interest public: Peioraque sæcula ferri / Temporibus, quorum sceleri non inuenit ipsa / Nomen, et à nullo posuit natura metallo: mais pour le mien, non. I’en suis en particulier trop pressé. Car en mon voisinage, nous sommes tantost par la longue licence de ces guerres ciuiles, enuieillis en vne forme d’estat si desbordee, Quippe vbi fas versum atque nefas: qu’à la verité, c’est merueille qu’elle se puisse maintenir.

    The other cause that invites me on these outings is my disagreement with the present morals of our state. I would easily console myself for this corruption as far as the public interest is concerned—Ages worse than the times of iron, / for whose wickedness nature herself has found no / name, nor named it after any metal—but as far as my own is concerned, no. It presses too hard on me personally. For in my neighborhood we have by now, through the long license of these civil wars, grown old in so unruly a form of state—where right and wrong are turned upside down—that it is truly a wonder it can hold together.

    Juvenal, Satires.

    Armati terram exercent, sempérque recentes / Conuectare iuuat prædas, et viuere rapto. En fin ie vois par nostre exemple, que la societé des hommes se tient et se coust, à quelque prix que ce soit. En quelque assiette qu’on les couche, ils s’appilent, et se rengent, en se remuant et s’entassant: comme des corps mal vnis qu’on empoche sans ordre, trouuent d’eux mesmes la façon de se ioindre, et s’emplacer, les vns parmy les autres: souuent mieux, que l’art ne les eust sçeu disposer. Le Roy Philippus fit vn amas, des plus meschans hommes et incorrigibles qu’il peut trouuer, et les logea tous en vne ville, qu’il leur fit bastir, qui en portoit le nom.

    They work the land in arms, and always delight / in carrying off fresh plunder and living on what they seize. In short, I see by our example that human society holds and is stitched together at whatever cost. In whatever position you lay men down, they pile up and sort themselves out by shifting and crowding together, as ill-matched objects stuffed into a bag without order find by themselves the way to fit together and settle in among one another, often better than art could have arranged them. King Philip gathered together the most wicked and incorrigible men he could find and lodged them all in a city he had built for them, which bore their name.

    Philip II of Macedon; according to Plutarch the city was called Poneropolis, “City of the Wicked.”

    I’estime qu’ils dresserent des vices mesme, vne contexture politique entre eux, et vne commode et iuste societé. Ie vois, non vne action, ou trois, ou cent, mais des mœurs, en vsage commun et reçeu, si farouches, en inhumanité sur tout et desloyauté, qui est pour moy la pire espece des vices, que ie n’ay point le courage de les conceuoir sans horreur: et les admire, quasi autant que ie les deteste. L’exercice de ces meschancetez insignes, porte marque de vigueur et force d’ame, autant que d’erreur et desreglement. La necessité compose les hommes et les assemble. Cette cousture fortuite se forme apres en loix.

    I suppose that out of their very vices they built a political structure among themselves, and a convenient and just society. I see, not one action, or three, or a hundred, but morals in common and accepted use, so ferocious—in inhumanity above all, and in treachery, which is for me the worst kind of vice—that I have not the heart to think of them without horror; and I marvel at them almost as much as I detest them. The practice of these signal wickednesses bears the mark of vigor and strength of soul as much as of error and disorder. Necessity puts men together and assembles them. This chance stitching later takes shape as laws.

    Car il en a esté d’aussi sauuages qu’aucune opinion humaine puisse enfanter, qui toutesfois ont maintenu leurs corps, auec autant de santé et longueur de vie, que celles de Platon et Aristote sçauroient faire. Et certes toutes ces descriptions de police, feintes par art, se trouuent ridicules, et ineptes à mettre en practique.

    For there have been laws as wild as any human opinion could give birth to, which nonetheless kept their bodies politic in as much health and length of life as those of Plato and Aristotle could have done. And certainly all those descriptions of government invented by art prove ridiculous and unfit to put into practice.

    Ces grandes et longues altercations, de la meilleure forme de societé: et des regles plus commodes à nous attacher, sont altercations propres seulement à l’exercice de nostre esprit. Comme il se trouue és arts, plusieurs subiects qui ont leur essence en l’agitation et en la dispute, et n’ont aucune vie hors de là. Telle peinture de police, seroit de mise, en vn nouueau monde: mais nous prenons vn monde desia faict et formé à certaines coustumes. Nous ne l’engendrons pas comme Pyrrha, ou comme Cadmus. Par quelque moyen que nous ayons loy de le redresser, et renger de nouueau, nous ne pouuons gueres le tordre de son accoustumé ply, que nous ne rompions tout.

    These great and long disputes about the best form of society, and about the most convenient rules to bind us, are disputes fit only for exercising our minds—just as in the arts there are many subjects whose essence lies in agitation and dispute, and which have no life outside them. Such a picture of government would be in place in a new world; but we take a world already made and shaped to certain customs. We do not engender it as Pyrrha or Cadmus did. By whatever means we may have the right to straighten it and reorder it, we can hardly twist it out of its accustomed bend without breaking everything.

    After the Flood, Pyrrha and Deucalion repopulated the earth by throwing stones that became people; Cadmus sowed dragon’s teeth from which armed men sprang.

    On demandoit à Solon, s’il auoit estably les meilleures loyx qu’il auoit peu aux Atheniens: Ouy bien, respondit-il, de celles qu’ils eussent receuës. Varro s’excuse de pareil air: Que s’il auoit tout de nouueau à escrire de la religion, il diroit ce, qu’il en croid. Mais, estant desia receuë, il en dira selon l’vsage, plus que selon nature.

    Solon was asked whether he had given the Athenians the best laws he could: “Yes indeed,” he replied, “the best of those they would have accepted.” Varro excuses himself in a similar vein: if he were writing about religion afresh, he would say what he believes about it; but since it is already accepted, he will speak of it according to usage rather than according to nature.

    Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC), Roman scholar, quoted by Augustine in The City of God.

    Against innovation

    The best government is the one a nation already has; overturning a state to cure it usually kills it.

    Non par opinion, mais en verité, l’excellente et meilleure police, est à chacune nation, celle soubs laquelle elle s’est maintenuë. Sa forme et commodité essentielle despend de l’vsage. Nous nous desplaisons volontiers de la condition presente. Mais ie tiens pourtant, que d’aller desirant le commandement de peu, en vn estat populaire: ou en la monarchie, vne autre espece de gouuernement, c’est vice et folie. Ayme l’estat tel que tu le vois estre: / S’il est royal, ayme la royauté; / S’il est de peu, ou bien communauté, / Ayme l’aussi, car Dieu t’y a faict naistre. Ainsin en parloit le bon monsieur de Pibrac, que nous venons de perdre: vn esprit si gentil, les opinions si saines, les mœurs si douces.

    Not in opinion but in truth, the excellent and best government for each nation is the one under which it has preserved itself. Its form and essential advantage depend on usage. We are readily displeased with our present condition. But I hold nonetheless that to go about wishing for rule by the few in a popular state, or for another kind of government in a monarchy, is vice and folly. Love the state such as you see it to be: / if it is royal, love royalty; / if it is rule by the few, or else a commonwealth, / love it too, for God had you born there. So said the good Monsieur de Pibrac, whom we have just lost: so fine a mind, such sound opinions, such gentle manners.

    Guy du Faur de Pibrac (1529–1584), magistrate and poet, author of moral Quatrains.

    Cette perte, et celle qu’en mesme temps nous auons faicte de monsieur de Foix, sont pertes importantes à nostre couronne. Ie ne sçay s’il reste à la France dequoy substituer vne autre coupple, pareille à ces deux Gascons, en syncerité, et en suffisance, pour le conseil de nos Roys. C’estoyent ames diuersement belles, et certes selon le siecle, rares et belles, chacune en sa forme. Mais qui les auoit logees en cet aage, si desconuenables et si disproportionnees à nostre corruption, et à nos tempestes?

    This loss, and the one we suffered at the same time in Monsieur de Foix, are serious losses to our crown. I do not know whether France has anything left with which to replace them by another pair like these two Gascons, in sincerity and ability, for the councils of our kings. They were souls beautiful in different ways, and certainly, for this age, rare and beautiful, each in its own form. But who had lodged them in this age, so ill-suited and so out of proportion to our corruption and our storms?

    Paul de Foix (1528–1584), archbishop of Toulouse and diplomat.

    Rien ne presse vn estat que l’innouation: le changement donne seul forme à l’iniustice, et à la tyrannie. Quand quelque piece se démanche, on peut l’estayer: on peut s’opposer à ce que l’alteration et corruption naturelle à toutes choses, ne nous esloigne trop de nos commencemens et principes. Mais d’entreprendre à refondre vne si grande masse, et à changer les fondements d’vn si grand bastiment, c’est à faire à ceux qui pour descrasser effacent: qui veulent amender les deffauts particuliers, par vne confusion vniuerselle, et guarir les maladies par la mort: non tam commutandarum quàm euertendarum rerum cupidi. Le monde est inepte à se guarir. Il est si impatient de ce qui le presse, qu’il ne vise qu’à s’en deffaire, sans regarder à quel prix.

    Nothing weighs on a state like innovation: change alone gives shape to injustice and tyranny. When some piece comes loose, it can be propped up; we can prevent the alteration and corruption natural to all things from carrying us too far from our beginnings and principles. But to undertake to recast so great a mass, and to change the foundations of so great a building, is for those who wipe out in order to clean; who want to amend particular defects by universal confusion, and cure diseases by death: eager not so much to change things as to overturn them. The world is incapable of curing itself. It is so impatient of whatever oppresses it that it aims only at getting rid of it, without considering at what cost.

    Nous voyons par mille exemples, qu’il se guarit ordinairement à ses despens: la descharge du mal present, n’est pas guarison, s’il n’y a en general amendement de condition. La fin du chirurgien, n’est pas de faire mourir la mauuaise chair: ce n’est que l’acheminement de sa cure: il regarde au delà, d’y faire renaistre la naturelle, et rendre la partie à son deu estre. Quiconque propose seulement d’emporter ce qui le masche, il demeure court: car le bien ne succede pas necessairement au mal: vn autre mal luy peut succeder; et pire. Comme il aduint aux tueurs de Cesar, qui ietterent la chose publique à tel poinct, qu’ils eurent à se repentir de s’en estre meslez.

    We see by a thousand examples that it usually cures itself at its own expense: relief from the present ill is no cure unless there is a general improvement of condition. The surgeon’s aim is not to kill the bad flesh; that is only the path toward his cure. He looks beyond, to making the natural flesh grow again and restoring the part to its proper state. Whoever proposes only to remove what is gnawing at him falls short, for good does not necessarily follow evil: another evil may follow it, and a worse one. So it happened to Caesar’s killers, who threw the commonwealth into such a state that they had cause to repent of having meddled with it.

    A plusieurs depuis, iusques à nos siecles, il est aduenu de mesmes. Les François mes contemporanees sçauent bien qu’en dire. Toutes grandes mutations esbranlent l’estat, et le desordonnent.

    The same has happened to many since, down to our own times. We French of today know well what to say about it. All great changes shake the state and throw it into disorder.

    Qui viseroit droit à la guarison, et en consulteroit auant toute œuure, se refroidiroit volontiers d’y mettre la main. Pacuuius Calauius corrigea le vice de ce proceder, par vn exemple insigne. Ses concitoyens estoient mutinez contre leurs magistrats: luy personnage de grande authorité en la ville de Capouë, trouua vn iour moyen d’enfermer le Senat dans le Palais: et conuoquant le peuple en la place, leur dit: Que le iour estoit venu, auquel en pleine liberté ils pouuoient prendre vengeance des tyrans qui les auoyent si long temps oppressez, lesquels il tenoit à sa mercy seuls et desarmez.

    Anyone who aimed straight at the cure, and deliberated about it before setting to work, would be inclined to lose his enthusiasm for putting his hand to it. Pacuvius Calavius corrected the flaw in this way of proceeding by a notable example. His fellow citizens had risen against their magistrates. He, a man of great authority in the city of Capua, found a way one day to shut the Senate up in the palace; and, summoning the people to the square, told them that the day had come when, in full liberty, they could take revenge on the tyrants who had oppressed them so long, and whom he held at his mercy, alone and unarmed.

    Pacuvius Calavius, chief magistrate of Capua in 216 BC; the story is from Livy.

    Fut d’aduis, qu’au sort, on les tirast hors, l’vn apres l’autre: et de chacun on ordonnast particulierement: faisant sur le champ, executer ce qui en seroit decreté: pourueu aussi que tout d’vn train ils aduisassent d’establir quelque homme de bien, en la place du condamné, affin qu’elle ne demeurast vuide d’officier. Ils n’eurent pas plustost ouy le nom d’vn senateur, qu’il s’esleua vn cry de mescontentement vniuersel à l’encontre de luy: Ie voy bien, dit Pacuuius, il faut demettre cettuy-cy: c’est vn meschant: ayons en vn bon en change. Ce fut vn prompt silence: tout le monde se trouuant bien empesché au choix. Au premier plus effronté, qui dit le sien: voyla vn consentement de voix encore plus grand à refuser celuy là.

    He advised that they be drawn out by lot, one after another, and that a decision be made on each one individually, whatever was decreed being carried out on the spot—provided also that at the same time they took care to install some good man in the place of the condemned one, so that the post would not be left without an officer. No sooner had they heard the name of one senator than a cry of universal discontent rose up against him. “I see,” said Pacuvius, “this one must be removed: he is a wicked man. Let us have a good one in exchange.” There was a sudden silence, everyone finding himself much at a loss in the choice. When the first and most brazen of them named his man, there was an even greater consensus of voices to reject that one.

    Cent imperfections, et iustes causes, de le rebuter. Ces humeurs contradictoires, s’estans eschauffees, il aduint encore pis du second Senateur, et du tiers. Autant de discorde à l’election, que de conuenance à la demission. S’estans inutilement lassez à ce trouble, ils commencent, qui deçà, qui delà, à se desrober peu à peu de l’assemblee: rapportant chacun cette resolution en son ame, que le plus vieil et mieux cogneu mal, est tousiours plus supportable, que le mal recent et inexperimenté.

    A hundred imperfections, and just reasons for turning him down. These contradictory humors having grown heated, it went even worse with the second senator, and the third. As much discord over the election as agreement over the removal. Having worn themselves out uselessly in this turmoil, they begin, some this way, some that, to slip away little by little from the assembly, each carrying away in his soul this resolution: that the older and better-known ill is always more bearable than the new and untried one.

    Pour nous voir bien piteusement agitez: car que n’auons nous faict? Eheu! cicatricum et sceleris pudet, / Fratrúmque: quid nos dura refugimus / Ætas? quid intactum nefasti / Liquimus? vnde manus iuuentus / Metu Deorum continuit? quibus / Pepercit aris? ie ne vay pas soudain me resoluant, Ipsa si velit Salus, / Seruare prorsus non potest hanc familiam. Nous ne sommes pas pourtant à l’auanture, à nostre dernier periode. La conseruation des estats, est chose qui vray-semblablement surpasse nostre intelligence. C’est, comme dit Platon, chose puissante, et de difficile dissolution, qu’vne ciuile police, elle dure souuent contre des maladies mortelles et intestines: contre l’iniure des loix iniustes, contre la tyrannie, contre le debordement et ignorance des magistrats, licence et sedition des peuples.

    Though we see ourselves pitiably tossed about—for what have we not done? Alas! we are ashamed of our scars and our crime / and of our brothers. What have we, a hardened / age, shrunk from? What wickedness have we left / untouched? From what has our youth held back its hands / for fear of the gods? What / altars has it spared?—I do not hastily conclude that Even if Salvation herself wished it, / she could not possibly save this household. Yet perhaps we have not reached our final period. The preservation of states is something that very probably surpasses our understanding. A civil polity, as Plato says, is a powerful thing and hard to dissolve; it often holds out against mortal internal diseases: against the harm of unjust laws, against tyranny, against the excesses and ignorance of magistrates, the license and sedition of the people.

    Horace, Odes I.35; Terence, The Brothers; Salus was the Roman goddess of safety and welfare.

    En toutes nos fortunes, nous nous comparons à ce qui est au dessus de nous, et regardons vers ceux qui sont mieux. Mesurons nous à ce qui est au dessous: il n’en est point de si miserable, qui ne trouue mille exemples où se consoler. C’est nostre vice, que nous voyons plus mal volontiers, ce qui est dessus nous, que volontiers, ce qui est dessoubs. Si disoit Solon, qui dresseroit vn tas de tous les maux ensemble, qu’il n’est aucun, qui ne choisist plustost de remporter auec soy les maux qu’il a, que de venir à diuision legitime, auec tous les autres hommes, de ce tas de maux, et en prendre sa quotte part. Nostre police se porte mal.

    In all our fortunes we compare ourselves with what is above us, and look toward those who are better off. Let us measure ourselves against what is below: there is no one so wretched that he cannot find a thousand examples to console himself with. It is our failing that we look at what is above us with more displeasure than we look at what is below us with pleasure. Solon used to say that if someone made a heap of all ills together, there is no one who would not rather take back home the ills he has than come to a lawful division of that heap with all other men and take his share. Our government is in poor health.

    Il en a esté pourtant de plus malades, sans mourir. Les dieux s’esbatent de nous à la pelote, et nous agitent à toutes mains, enimuero Dij nos homines quasi pilas habent.

    Yet there have been sicker ones that did not die. The gods play ball with us and toss us about every which way: the gods indeed treat us men as their balls.

    Plautus, The Captives.

    Rome and the survival of states

    Rome outlasted worse disorders, and a great state holds together by more than one nail.

    Les astres ont fatalement destiné l’estat de Rome, pour exemplaire de ce qu’ils peuuent en ce genre. Il comprend en soy toutes les formes et auantures, qui touchent vn estat: tout ce que l’ordre y peut, et le trouble, et l’heur, et le mal’heur. Qui se doit desesperer de sa condition, voyant les secousses et mouuemens dequoy celuy là fut agité, et qu’il supporta? Si l’estendue de la domination, est la santé d’vn estat, dequoy ie ne suis aucunement d’aduis (et me plaist Isocrates, qui instruit Nicocles, non d’enuier les Princes, qui ont des dominations larges, mais qui sçauent bien conseruer celles qui leur sont escheuës) celuy-là ne fut iamais si sain, que quand il fut le plus malade.

    The stars have fatefully destined the Roman state to be the model of what they can do in this kind. It contains within it all the forms and adventures that can befall a state: all that order can do, and disorder, and good fortune and misfortune. Who should despair of his condition, seeing the shocks and upheavals by which that state was shaken, and which it withstood? If extent of dominion is the health of a state—which I do not at all believe (and I like Isocrates, who teaches Nicocles to envy not the princes who have wide dominions but those who know how to keep the ones that have fallen to them)—that state was never so healthy as when it was most sick.

    La pire de ses formes, luy fut la plus fortunee. A peine recognoist-on l’image d’aucune police, soubs les premiers Empereurs: c’est la plus horrible et la plus espesse confusion qu’on puisse conceuoir. Toutesfois il la supporta: et y dura, conseruant, non pas vne monarchie resserree en ses limites, mais tant de nations, si diuerses, si esloignees, si mal affectionnees, si desordonnement commandees, et iniustement conquises. Nec gentibus vllis / Commodat in populum, terræ pelagique potentem, / Inuidiam fortuna suam. Tout ce qui branle ne tombe pas. La contexture d’vn si grand corps tient à plus d’vn clou.

    The worst of its forms was the most fortunate for it. One can scarcely recognize the image of any government under the first emperors: it is the most horrible and dense confusion one can conceive. Yet it bore it and endured in it, preserving not a monarchy confined within its borders but so many nations, so diverse, so distant, so ill-disposed, so disorderly governed and unjustly conquered. Nor to any nations / does Fortune lend her enmity against the people mighty / over land and sea. Not everything that totters falls. The fabric of so great a body holds by more than one nail.

    Lucan, Pharsalia.

    Il tient mesme par son antiquité: comme les vieux bastimens, ausquels l’aage a desrobé le pied, sans crouste et sans cyment, qui pourtant viuent et soustiennent en leur propre poix, Nec iam validis radicibus hærens, / Pondere tuta suo est.

    It holds even by its age, like old buildings whose footings time has worn away, without plaster and without cement, which nevertheless live and hold up by their own weight: No longer clinging by strong roots, / it is safe by its own weight.

    D’auantage ce n’est pas bien procedé, de recognoistre seulement le flanc et le fossé: pour iuger de la seureté d’vne place, il faut voir, par où on y peut venir, en quel estat est l’assaillant. Peu de vaisseaux fondent de leur propre poix, et sans violence estrangere. Or tournons les yeux par tout, tout croulle autour de nous.

    Moreover, it is not a sound procedure to reconnoiter only the flank and the moat. To judge how secure a stronghold is, you must see by what way it can be approached and what condition the attacker is in. Few ships founder under their own weight, without violence from outside. Now let us turn our eyes in every direction: everything is crumbling around us.

    En tous les grands estats, soit de Chrestienté, soit d’ailleurs, que nous cognoissons, regardez y, vous y trouuerez vne euidente menasse de changement et de ruyne: Et sua sunt illis incommoda, párque per omnes / Tempestas. Les astrologues ont beau ieu, à nous aduertir, comme ils font, de grandes alterations, et mutations prochaines: leurs deuinations sont presentes et palpables, il ne faut pas aller au ciel pour cela. Nous n’auons pas seulement à tirer consolation, de cette societé vniuerselle de mal et de menasse: mais encores quelque esperance, pour la duree de nostre estat: d’autant que naturellement, rien ne tombe, là où tout tombe. La maladie vniuerselle est la santé particuliere. La conformité, est qualité ennemie à la dissolution.

    In all the great states we know, whether in Christendom or elsewhere, take a look: you will find an evident threat of change and ruin. They too have their own troubles, and the same storm / hangs over all. The astrologers have an easy game warning us, as they do, of great alterations and changes close at hand. Their divinations are present and palpable; there is no need to go to the heavens for that. From this universal fellowship in ill and in menace we should draw not only consolation but also some hope for the survival of our state, since, naturally, nothing falls where everything falls. Universal sickness is individual health. Conformity is a quality hostile to dissolution.

    Adapted from Virgil, Aeneid XI.

    Pour moy, ie n’en entre point au desespoir, et me semble y voir des routes à nous sauuer! Deus hæc fortasse benigna / Reducet in sedem vice. Qui sçait, si Dieu voudra qu’il en aduienne, comme des corps qui se purgent, et remettent en meilleur estat, par longues et griefues maladies: lesquelles leur rendent vne santé plus entiere et plus nette, que celle qu’elles leur auoient osté? Ce qui me poise le plus, c’est qu’à conter les symptomes de nostre mal, i’en vois autant de naturels, et de ceux que le ciel nous enuoye, et proprement siens, que de ceux que nostre desreglement, et l’imprudence humaine y conferent. Il semble que les astres mesmes ordonnent, que nous auons assez duré, et outre les termes ordinaires.

    For my part, I do not fall into despair over it, and I think I can see roads by which we may be saved. Perhaps God, by a kindly turn, / will restore these things to their place. Who knows whether God will have it turn out as with bodies that purge themselves and are restored to a better state by long and grievous illnesses, which give them back a health more complete and cleaner than the one they took away? What weighs on me most is that, when I count the symptoms of our sickness, I see as many that are natural, sent to us by heaven and properly its own, as those that our disorder and human imprudence contribute. It seems that the very stars decree that we have lasted long enough, and beyond the ordinary limits.

    Horace, Epodes XIII.

    Et cecy aussi me poise, que le plus voysin mal, qui nous menace, ce n’est pas alteration en la masse entiere et solide, mais sa dissipation et diuulsion: l’extreme de noz craintes.

    And this too weighs on me: that the nearest ill threatening us is not an alteration in the whole, solid mass, but its dissipation and tearing apart—the extreme of our fears.

    Memory and public speaking

    His failing memory makes him avoid prepared speeches and formal occasions.

    Encores en ces reuasseries icy crains-ie la trahison, de ma memoire, que par inaduertance, elle m’aye faict enregistrer vne chose deux fois. Ie hay à me recognoistre: et ne retaste iamais qu’enuis ce qui m’est vne fois eschappé. Or ie n’apporte icy rien de nouuel apprentissage. Ce sont imaginations communes: les ayant à l’auanture conceuës cent fois, i’ay peur de les auoir desia enrollees. La redicte est par tout ennuyeuse, fut ce dans Homere. Mais elle est ruyneuse, aux choses qui n’ont qu’vne montre superficielle et passagere. Ie me desplais de l’inculcation, voire aux choses vtiles, comme en Seneque.

    Even in these ramblings here I fear the treachery of my memory, that through inadvertence it may have made me record something twice. I hate going back over myself, and I never re-handle, except reluctantly, what has once escaped me. Now, I bring nothing here that is newly learned. These are common notions; having perhaps conceived them a hundred times, I am afraid I have already entered them on the roll. Repetition is tedious everywhere, even in Homer. But it is ruinous in things that have only a superficial and passing show. I dislike having things hammered in, even useful things, as in Seneca.

    Et l’vsage de son escole Stoïque me desplaist, de redire sur chasque matiere, tout au long et au large, les principes et presuppositions, qui seruent en general: et realleguer tousiours de nouueau les arguments et raisons communes et vniuerselles.

    And I dislike the habit of his Stoic school of repeating on every subject, at full length and breadth, the principles and presuppositions that apply in general, and of always bringing out anew the common and universal arguments and reasons.

    Ma memoire s’empire cruellement tous les iours: Pocula Lethæos vt si ducentia somnos, / Arente fauce traxerim. Il faudra doresnauant (car Dieu mercy iusques à cette heure, il n’en est pas aduenu de faute) qu’au lieu que les autres cherchent temps, et occasion de penser à ce qu’ils ont à dire, ie fuye à me preparer, de peur de m’attacher à quelque obligation, de laquelle i’aye à despendre. L’estre tenu et obligé, me fouruoye et le despendre d’vn si foible instrument qu’est ma memoire. Ie ne lis iamais cette histoire, que ie ne m’en offence, d’vn ressentiment propre et naturel.

    My memory grows cruelly worse every day: As if, with parched throat, I had drained cups / that bring the sleep of Lethe. From now on (for, thank God, no failure has come of it so far), whereas others look for time and occasion to think about what they have to say, I shall have to avoid preparing myself, for fear of binding myself to some obligation on which I would have to depend. Being bound and obliged throws me off, and so does depending on so feeble an instrument as my memory. I never read this story without being stung by it, with a feeling that is personal and natural to me.

    Horace, Epodes XIV. Lethe was the river of forgetfulness in the underworld.

    Lyncestez accusé de coniuration, contre Alexandre, le iour qu’il fut mené en la presence de l’armée, suiuant la coustume, pour estre ouy en ses deffences, auoit en sa teste vne harangue estudiée, de laquelle tout hesitant et begayant il prononça quelques paroles. Comme il se troubloit de plus en plus, ce pendant qu’il lucte auec sa memoire, et qu’il la retaste, le voila chargé et tué à coups de pique, par les soldats, qui luy estoyent plus voisins: le tenans pour conuaincu. Son estonnement et son silence, leur seruit de confession. Ayant eu en prison tant de loysir de se preparer, ce n’est à leur aduis, plus la memoire qui luy manque: c’est la conscience qui luy bride la langue, et luy oste la force.

    Lyncestes, accused of conspiracy against Alexander, was brought before the army on the appointed day, according to custom, to be heard in his defense. He had a studied speech in his head, of which, hesitating and stammering, he delivered a few words. As he grew more and more confused, while he wrestled with his memory and groped through it, there he was, set upon and killed with pike thrusts by the soldiers nearest him, who took him as convicted. His bewilderment and his silence served them as a confession. Since he had had so much leisure in prison to prepare himself, it was no longer, in their opinion, his memory that failed him: it was his conscience that bridled his tongue and took away his strength.

    Alexander of Lyncestis, executed for conspiracy in 330 BC; the story is told by Quintus Curtius.

    Vrayement c’est bien dit. Le lieu estonne, l’assistance, l’expectation, lors mesme qu’il n’y va que de l’ambition de bien dire. Que peut on faire, quand c’est vne harangue, qui porte la vie en consequence?

    Truly, that is well said! The place stuns us, the audience, the expectation, even when nothing more is at stake than the ambition to speak well. What can one do when the speech has one’s life riding on it?

    Pour moy, cela mesme, que ie sois lié à ce que i’ay à dire, sert à m’en desprendre. Quand ie me suis commis et assigné entierement à ma memoire, ie pends si fort sur elle, que ie l’accable: elle s’effraye de sa charge. Autant que ie m’en rapporte à elle, ie me mets hors de moy: iusques à essayer ma contenance. Et me suis veu quelque iour en peine, de celer la seruitude en laquelle i’estois entraué.

    For my part, the very fact that I am bound to what I have to say serves to shake me loose from it. When I have committed and entrusted myself entirely to my memory, I lean on it so heavily that I overwhelm it: it takes fright at its burden. The more I rely on it, the more I am thrown out of myself, to the point of putting my composure to the test. And I have found myself at times hard put to hide the servitude in which I was shackled.

    Là où mon dessein est, de representer en parlant, vne profonde nonchalance d’accent et de visage, et des mouuemens fortuites et impremeditez, comme naissans des occasions presentes: aymant aussi cher ne rien dire qui vaille, que de montrer estre venu preparé pour bien dire: chose messeante, sur tout à gens de ma profession: et chose de trop grande obligation, à qui ne peut beaucoup tenir. L’apprest donne plus à esperer, qu’il ne porte. On se met souuent sottement en pourpoinct, pour ne sauter pas mieux qu’en saye.

    For my aim, when I speak, is to display a deep nonchalance of tone and expression, and movements that are casual and unpremeditated, as if born of the present occasion. I would just as soon say nothing worth hearing as show that I came prepared to speak well—a thing unbecoming, above all, in people of my profession, and too great a commitment for one who cannot retain much. Preparation raises more hopes than it delivers. People often foolishly strip down to their doublet only to jump no better than they would in their coat.

    Montaigne means the nobility, whose profession was arms.

    Nihil est his, qui placere volunt, tam aduersarium, quàm expectatio. Ils ont laissé par escrit de l’orateur Curio, que quand il proposoit la distribution des pieces de son oraison, en trois, ou en quatre: ou le nombre de ses arguments et raisons, il luy aduenoit volontiers, ou d’en oublier quelqu’vn, ou d’y en adiouster vn ou deux de plus. I’ay tousiours bien euité, de tomber en cet inconuenient: ayant hay ces promesses et prescriptions: non seulement pour la deffiance de ma memoire: mais aussi pource que cette forme retire trop à l’artiste. Simpliciora militares decent. Baste, que ie me suis meshuy promis, de ne prendre plus la charge de parler en lieu de respect.

    Nothing is so damaging to those who want to please as expectation. It has been recorded of the orator Curio that when he announced the division of his speech into three or four parts, or the number of his arguments and reasons, he would often either forget one of them or add one or two more. I have always taken care to avoid falling into that trouble, having hated such announcements and outlines, not only from distrust of my memory but also because that form smacks too much of the professional. Simpler things suit soldiers. Enough: I have now promised myself never again to take on the task of speaking on a formal occasion.

    The first quotation is from Cicero, Academica II; Gaius Scribonius Curio (1st century BC) is described in Cicero’s Brutus; the second quotation is from Quintilian.

    Car quant à parler en lisant son escript: outre ce qu’il est tresinepte, il est de grand desauantage à ceux, qui par nature pouuoient quelque chose en l’action. Et de me ietter à la mercy de mon inuention presente, encore moins: ie l’ay lourde et trouble, qui ne sçauroit fournir aux soudaines necessitez, et importantes.

    For as for speaking by reading out one’s text, besides being most inept, it is a great disadvantage to those who by nature had some gift for delivery. And as for throwing myself on the mercy of my improvisation of the moment, even less: mine is heavy and muddled, unable to meet sudden and important demands.

    I add but do not correct

    Montaigne explains why he adds to his book without revising what is already printed.

    Laisse Lecteur courir encore ce coup d’essay, et ce troisiesme alongeail, du reste des pieces de ma peinture. I’adiouste, mais ie ne corrige pas. Premierement, par ce que celuy qui a hypothequé au monde son ouurage, ie trouue apparence, qu’il n’y ayt plus de droict. Qu’il die, s’il peut, mieux ailleurs, et ne corrompe la besongne qu’il a venduë. De telles gens, il ne faudroit rien acheter qu’apres leur mort. Qu’ils y pensent bien, auant que de se produire. Qui les haste? Mon liure est tousiours vn: sauf qu’à mesure, qu’on se met à le renouueller, afin que l’achetteur ne s’en aille les mains du tout vuides, ie me donne loy d’y attacher (comme ce n’est qu’vne marqueterie mal iointe) quelque embleme supernumeraire.

    Reader, let this further essay run its course too, this third extension made of the remaining pieces of my portrait. I add, but I do not correct. First, because when a man has mortgaged his work to the world, it seems reasonable to me that he should have no more right in it. Let him say it better elsewhere, if he can, and not spoil the goods he has sold. From such people one should buy nothing until after their death. Let them think it over well before they bring themselves before the public. Who is hurrying them? My book is always one and the same. Except that, as people set about issuing it anew, so that the buyer may not go away entirely empty-handed, I allow myself to attach to it (since it is only a badly joined marquetry) some extra emblem.

    The third book was added in the edition of 1588.

    Ce ne sont que surpoids, qui ne condamnent point la premiere forme, mais donnent quelque prix particulier à chacune des suiuantes, par vne petite subtilité ambitieuse. De là toutesfois il aduiendra facilement, qu’il s’y mesle quelque transposition de chronologie: mes contes prenants place selon leur opportunité, non tousiours selon leur aage.

    These are only makeweights, which do not condemn the original form but give some particular value to each of the later ones, by a little ambitious subtlety. From this, however, it will easily happen that some transposition of chronology gets mixed in, my stories taking their place according to their timeliness, not always according to their age.

    Secondement, à cause que pour mon regard, ie crains de perdre au change. Mon entendement ne va pas tousiours auant, il va à reculons aussi. Ie ne me deffie gueres moins de mes fantasies, pour estre secondes ou tierces, que premieres: ou presentes, que passees. Nous nous corrigeons aussi sottement souuent, comme nous corrigeons les autres. Ie suis enuieilly de nombre d’ans, depuis mes premieres publications, qui furent l’an mille cinq cens quatre vingts. Mais ie fais doute que ie sois assagi d’vn pouce. Moy à cette heure, et moy tantost, sommes bien deux. Quand meilleur, ie n’en puis rien dire. Il feroit bel estre vieil, si nous ne marchions, que vers l’amendement.

    Second, because for my own part I fear losing in the exchange. My understanding does not always go forward; it goes backward too. I distrust my notions hardly less for being second or third than first, or present than past. We often correct ourselves as foolishly as we correct others. I have grown older by a good number of years since my first publications, which were in the year 1580. But I doubt that I have grown an inch wiser. Myself now and myself a while ago are indeed two; but which is better, I cannot say. It would be a fine thing to be old if we were marching only toward improvement.

    C’est vn mouuement d’yuroigne, titubant, vertigineux, informe: ou des ionchez, que l’air manie casuellement selon soy. Antiochus auoit vigoureusement escript en faueur de l’Academie: il print sur ses vieux ans vn autre party: lequel des deux ie suyuisse, seroit ce pas tousiours suiure Antiochus? Apres auoir estably le doubte, vouloir establir la certitude des opinions humaines, estoit ce pas establir le doubte, non la certitude? et promettre, qui luy eust donné encore vn aage à durer, qu’il estoit tousiours en termes de nouuelle agitation: non tant meilleure, qu’autre?

    It is the movement of a drunkard, staggering, dizzy, shapeless; or of rushes that the wind tosses at random as it pleases. Antiochus had written vigorously in favor of the Academy; in his old age he took the other side. Whichever of the two I followed, would I not always be following Antiochus? After establishing doubt, to want to establish the certainty of human opinions—was that not establishing doubt, not certainty? And was it not promising that, had he been given another lifetime, he would still be in a state of fresh agitation, not so much better as different?

    Antiochus of Ascalon (1st century BC) abandoned the skepticism of the New Academy for a dogmatic philosophy.

    La faueur publique m’a donné vn peu plus de hardiesse que ie n’esperois: mais ce que ie crains le plus, c’est de saouler. I’aymerois mieux poindre que lasser. Comme a faict vn sçauant homme de mon temps. La louange est tousiours plaisante, de qui, et pourquoy elle vienne. Si faut-il pour s’en aggreer iustement, estre informé de sa cause. Les imperfections mesme ont leur moyen de se recommander. L’estimation vulgaire et commune, se voit peu heureuse en rencontre. Et de mon temps, ie suis trompé, si les pires escrits ne sont ceux qui ont gaigné le dessus du vent populaire. Certes ie rends graces à des honnestes hommes, qui daignent prendre en bonne part, mes foibles efforts.

    Public favor has given me a little more boldness than I hoped. But what I fear most is to surfeit. I would rather prick than weary, as a learned man of my time has done. Praise is always pleasant, from whomever and for whatever reason it comes. Yet to be rightly pleased with it, one must know its cause. Even imperfections have their way of recommending themselves. Common, popular esteem is seldom happy in its choices; and in my time, unless I am mistaken, the worst writings are those that have caught the popular wind. Certainly I give thanks to the decent men who deign to take my feeble efforts in good part.

    Il n’est lieu où les fautes de la façon paroissent tant, qu’en vne matiere qui de soy n’a point de recommandation. Ne te prens point à moy, Lecteur, de celles qui se coulent icy, par la fantasie, ou inaduertance d’autruy: chasque main, chasque ouurier, y apporte les siennes. Ie ne me mesle, ny d’orthographe, et ordonne seulement qu’ils suiuent l’ancienne, ny de la punctuation: ie suis peu expert en l’vn et en l’autre. Où ils rompent du tout le sens, ie m’en donne peu de peine, car aumoins ils me deschargent. Mais où ils en substituent vn faux, comme ils font si souuent, et me destournent à leur conception, ils me ruynent.

    Nowhere do faults of workmanship show so much as in a subject that has nothing to recommend it in itself. Do not blame me, reader, for those that slip in here through the whims or carelessness of others: each hand, each workman, brings his own. I do not concern myself with spelling—I only order them to follow the old one—nor with punctuation; I am little expert in either. Where they break the sense altogether, I take little trouble over it, for at least they relieve me of responsibility. But where they substitute a false one, as they so often do, and twist me to their own conception, they ruin me.

    Toutesfois quand la sentence n’est forte à ma mesure, vn honneste homme la doit refuser pour mienne. Qui cognoistra combien ie suis peu laborieux, combien ie suis faict à ma mode, croira facilement, que ie redicterois plus volontiers, encore autant d’Essais, que de m’assuiettir à resuiure ceux-cy, pour cette puerile correction.

    However, when a sentence is not as strong as I would make it, a decent man ought to refuse it as mine. Anyone who knows how little industrious I am, how much I am made in my own fashion, will easily believe that I would sooner dictate as many Essays again than subject myself to going back over these for such childish correction.

    Safety in a lawless country

    His open house has escaped pillage, but he hates owing his safety to others’ favor.

    Ie disois donc tantost, qu’estant planté en la plus profonde miniere de ce nouueau metal, non seulement ie suis priué de grande familiarité, auec gens d’autres mœurs que les miennes: et d’autres opinions, par lesquelles ils tiennent ensemble d’vn nœud, qui commande tout autre nœud. Mais encore ie ne suis pas sans hazard, parmy ceux, à qui tout est esgalement loisible: et desquels la plus part ne peut empirer meshuy son marché, vers nostre iustice. D’où naist l’extreme degré de licence. Comptant toutes les particulieres circonstances qui me regardent, ie ne trouue homme des nostres, à qui la deffence des loix, couste, et en gain cessant, et en dommage emergeant, disent les clercs, plus qu’à moy.

    I was saying, then, a little while ago, that being planted in the deepest mine of this new metal, I am not only deprived of close familiarity with people of ways other than mine, and of other opinions, by which they hold together with a knot that overrides every other knot. I am also not without danger among those to whom everything is equally permitted, and most of whom can no longer make their bargain with our justice any worse—whence arises the extreme degree of license. Counting all the particular circumstances that concern me, I find no man on our side whom the defense of the laws costs more than me, both in profits forgone and in losses incurred, as the lawyers say.

    Et tels font bien les braues, de leur chaleur et aspreté, qui font beaucoup moins que moy, en iuste balance. Comme maison de tout temps libre, de grand abbord, et officieuse à chacun (car ie ne me suis iamais laissé induire, d’en faire vn outil de guerre: laquelle ie vois chercher plus volontiers, où elle est le plus esloingnee de mon voisinage) ma maison a merité assez d’affection populaire: et seroit bien mal-aisé de me gourmander sur mon fumier. Et i’estime à vn merueilleux chef d’œuure, et exemplaire, qu’elle soit encore vierge de sang, et de sac, soubs vn si long orage, tant de changemens et agitations voisines.

    And some make a great show of bravado with their zeal and harshness who, weighed in a fair balance, do much less than I. My house, having always been open, easy of access, and obliging to everyone (for I have never let myself be induced to make it an instrument of war, which I prefer to go and seek where it is farthest from my neighborhood), has earned a good deal of popular affection, and it would be very hard to bully me on my own dunghill. And I consider it a marvelous masterpiece, and an exemplary one, that it is still virgin of blood and pillage under so long a storm, with so many changes and upheavals close by.

    Car à dire vray, il estoit possible à vn homme de ma complexion, d’eschapper à vne forme constante, et continue, telle qu’elle fust. Mais les inuasions et incursions contraires, et alternations et vicissitudes de la fortune, au tour de moy, ont iusqu’à cette heure plus exasperé qu’amolly l’humeur du pays: et me rechargent de dangers, et difficultez inuincibles.

    For, to tell the truth, it was possible for a man of my temperament to escape from one constant and continuous state of affairs, whatever it might be. But the contrary invasions and incursions, and the alternations and vicissitudes of fortune around me, have so far exasperated rather than softened the temper of the region, and they heap upon me dangers and insurmountable difficulties.

    I’eschape. Mais il me desplaist que ce soit plus par fortune: voire, et par ma prudence, que par iustice: et me desplaist d’estre hors la protection des loix, et soubs autre sauuegarde que la leur. Comme les choses sont, ie vis plus qu’à demy, de la faueur d’autruy: qui est vne rude obligation. Ie ne veux debuoir ma seureté, ny à la bonté, et benignité des grands, qui s’aggreent de ma legalité et liberté: ny à la facilité des mœurs de mes predecesseurs, et miennes: car quoy si i’estois autre?

    I escape. But it displeases me that it is more by luck, and even by my own prudence, than by justice; and it displeases me to be outside the protection of the laws and under some safeguard other than theirs. As things stand, I live more than half by the favor of others, which is a hard obligation. I do not want to owe my safety either to the kindness and benevolence of the great, who approve of my respect for the law and my freedom, or to the easygoing ways of my predecessors and my own: for what if I were different?

    Si mes desportemens et la franchise de ma conuersation, obligent mes voisins, ou la parenté: c’est cruauté qu’ils s’en puissent acquitter, en me laissant viure, et qu’ils puissent dire: Nous luy condonons la libre continuation du seruice diuin, en la chapelle de sa maison, toutes les eglises d’autour, estants par nous desertées: et luy condonons l’vsage de ses biens, et sa vie, comme il conserue nos femmes, et nos bœufs au besoing. De longue main chez moy, nous auons part à la louange de Lycurgus Athenien, qui estoit general depositaire et gardien des bourses de ses concitoyens. Or ie tiens, qu’il faut viure par droict, et par auctorité, non par recompense ny par grace.

    If my conduct and the frankness of my dealings put my neighbors or my kin under obligation, it is cruel that they can discharge it by letting me live, and that they can say: “We grant him the free continuation of divine service in the chapel of his house, when all the churches around have been laid waste by us; and we grant him the use of his goods and his life, since he shelters our wives and our cattle in time of need.” For a long time now my house has had a share in the praise given to Lycurgus the Athenian, who was the general depositary and guardian of his fellow citizens’ purses. Now I hold that one must live by right and by authority, not by reward or by favor.

    Lycurgus, Athenian orator and statesman of the 4th century BC, famed for his honest management of public funds.

    The burden of obligation

    He would rather pay money than owe gratitude, and avoids being bound to anyone.

    Combien de galans hommes ont mieux aymé perdre la vie, que la deuoir? Ie fuis à me submettre à toute sorte d’obligation. Mais sur tout, à celle qui m’attache, par deuoir d’honneur. Ie ne trouue rien si cher, que ce qui m’est donné: et ce pourquoy, ma volonté demeure hypothequee par tiltre de gratitude. Et reçois plus volontiers les offices, qui sont à vendre. Ie croy bien. Pour ceux-cy, ie ne donne que de l’argent: pour les autres, ie me donne moy-mesme.

    How many gallant men have preferred to lose their lives rather than owe them? I shun submitting myself to any kind of obligation, but above all to the kind that binds me by a duty of honor. I find nothing so costly as what is given to me, and for which my will remains mortgaged by right of gratitude. And I more willingly accept services that are for sale. No wonder: for these I give only money; for the others, I give myself.

    Le neud, qui me tient par la loy d’honnesteté, me semble bien plus pressant et plus poisant, que n’est celuy de la contraincte ciuile. On me garotte plus doucement par vn notaire, que par moy. N’est-ce pas raison, que ma conscience soit beaucoup plus engagee, à ce, en quoy on s’est simplement fié d’elle? Ailleurs, ma foy ne doit rien: car on ne luy a rien presté. Qu’on s’ayde de la fiance et asseurance, qu’on a prise hors de moy. I’aymeroy bien plus cher, rompre la prison d’vne muraille, et des loix, que de ma parole. Ie suis delicat à l’obseruation de mes promesses, iusques à la superstition: et les fay en tous subiects volontiers incertaines et conditionnelles.

    The bond that holds me by the law of honor seems to me much tighter and heavier than that of civil constraint. A notary ties me up more gently than I tie myself. Is it not reasonable that my conscience should be far more engaged in what has simply been entrusted to it? Elsewhere my word owes nothing, for nothing has been lent to it. Let people make do with the trust and security they have taken from outside me. I would much rather break out of the prison of a wall and of the laws than out of my word. I am scrupulous to the point of superstition in keeping my promises, and in every matter I readily make them uncertain and conditional.

    A celles, qui sont de nul poids, ie donne poids de la ialousie de ma regle: elle me gehenne et charge de son propre interest. Ouy, és entreprinses toutes miennes et libres, si i’en dy le poinct, il me semble, que ie me les prescry: et que, le donner à la science d’autruy, c’est le preordonner à soy. Il me semble que ie le promets, quand ie le dy. Ainsi i’euente peu mes propositions. La condemnation que ie fais de moy, est plus vifue et roide, que n’est celle des iuges, qui ne me prennent que par le visage de l’obligation commune: l’estreinte de ma conscience plus serree, et plus seuere. Ie suy laschement les debuoirs ausquels on m’entraineroit, si ie n’y allois.

    To those that have no weight I give weight by my jealous regard for my rule: it torments me and burdens me with its own interest. Yes, even in undertakings that are entirely my own and free, if I state my intention, it seems to me that I prescribe it to myself, and that to let another know of it is to preordain it for oneself. It seems to me that I promise it when I say it. So I air my plans very little. The sentence I pass on myself is sharper and stiffer than that of the judges, who see me only in the light of common obligation; the grip of my conscience is tighter and more severe. I perform sluggishly the duties to which I would be dragged if I did not go of my own accord.

    Hoc ipsum ita iustum est quod rectè fit, si est voluntarium. Si l’action n’a quelque splendeur de liberté, elle n’a point de grace, ny d’honneur. Quod me ius cogit, vix voluntate impetrent. Où la necessité me tire, i’ayme à lacher la volonté. Quia quicquid imperio cogitur, exigenti magis, quàm præstanti acceptum refertur. I’en sçay qui suyuent cet air, iusques à l’iniustice: donnent plustost qu’ils ne rendent, prestent plustost qu’ilz ne payent: font plus escharsement bien à celuy, à qui ils en sont tenus. Ie ne vois pas là, mais ie touche contre.

    Even what is rightly done is just only if it is voluntary. If an action does not have some luster of freedom, it has neither grace nor honor. What duty compels me to do, they will hardly get from my good will. Where necessity pulls me, I like to let my will go slack. For whatever is compelled by command is credited more to the one who exacts it than to the one who performs it. I know some who follow this bent to the point of injustice: they would rather give than repay, rather lend than pay, and they do good more stingily to the one to whom they are bound to do it. I do not go that far, but I come close.

    Cicero, On Duties; Terence, The Brothers; Valerius Maximus.

    I’ayme tant à me descharger et desobliger, que i’ay parfois compté à profit, les ingratitudes, offences, et indignitez, que i’auois reçeu de ceux, à qui ou par nature, ou par accident, i’auois quelque deuoir d’amitié: prenant cette occasion de leur faute, pour autant d’acquit, et descharge de ma debte. Encore que ie continue à leur payer les offices apparents, de la raison publique, ie trouue grande espargne pourtant à faire par iustice, ce que ie faysoy par affection, et à me soulager vn peu, de l’attention et sollicitude, de ma volonté au dedans. Est prudentis sustinere vt cursum, sic impetum beneuolentiæ. Laquelle i’ay trop vrgente et pressante, où ie m’addonne: aumoins pour vn homme, qui ne veut estre aucunement en presse.

    I so love to unburden myself and be released from obligation that I have sometimes counted as profit the ingratitude, offenses, and indignities I had received from those to whom, by nature or by accident, I owed some duty of friendship, taking the occasion of their fault as so much acquittance and discharge of my debt. Although I go on paying them the outward courtesies that public reason requires, I nevertheless find it a great saving to do out of justice what I used to do out of affection, and to relieve myself a little of the inner attention and solicitude of my will. A prudent man should rein in the onrush of goodwill as he would a race in full career. In me it is too urgent and pressing where I give myself to it—at least for a man who does not want to be under any pressure at all.

    Cicero, On Friendship.

    Et me sert cette mesnagerie, de quelque consolation, aux imperfections de ceux qui me touchent. Ie suis bien desplaisant qu’ils en vaillent moins, mais tant y a, que i’en espargne aussi quelque chose de mon application et engagement enuers eux. I’approuue celuy qui ayme moins son enfant, d’autant qu’il est ou teigneux ou bossu. Et non seulement, quand il est malicieux; mais aussi quand il est malheureux, et mal nay (Dieu mesme en a rabbatu cela de son prix, et estimation naturelle) pourueu qu’il se porte en ce refroidissement, auec moderation, et iustice exacte. En moy, la proximité n’allege pas les deffauts, elle les aggraue plustost.

    And this economy gives me some consolation for the imperfections of those close to me. I am truly sorry that they are worth less for them; but the fact remains that I also save something of my application and commitment toward them. I approve of the man who loves his child less for being scabby or hunchbacked—and not only when he is ill-natured, but also when he is unfortunate and ill-formed from birth (God himself has docked that much from his value and natural esteem), provided he conducts himself in this cooling with moderation and exact justice. In me, nearness does not lighten faults; rather, it aggravates them.

    Apres tout, selon que ie m’entends en la science du bien-faict et de recognoissance, qui est vne subtile science et de grand vsage, ie ne vois personne, plus libre et moins endebté, que ie suis iusques à cette heure. Ce que ie doibs, ie le doibs simplement aux obligations communes et naturelles. Il n’en est point, qui soit plus nettement quitte d’ailleurs. Nec sunt mihi nota potentum / Munera. Les Princes me donnent prou, s’ils ne m’ostent rien: et me font assez de bien, quand ils ne me font point de mal: c’est tout ce que i’en demande.

    After all, as far as I understand the science of benefit and gratitude, which is a subtle science and of great use, I see no one freer and less in debt than I am up to this hour. What I owe, I owe simply to the common and natural obligations. There is no one more cleanly quit of everything else. Nor do I know the gifts / of the powerful. Princes give me plenty if they take nothing from me, and do me enough good when they do me no harm: that is all I ask of them.

    Virgil, Aeneid XII.

    O combien ie suis tenu à Dieu, de ce qu’il luy a pleu, que i’aye reçeu immediatement de sa grace, tout ce que i’ay: qu’il a retenu particulierement à soy toute ma debte! Combien ie supplie instamment sa saincte misericorde, que iamais ie ne doiue vn essentiel grammercy à personne! Bien heureuse franchise: qui m’a conduit si loing. Qu’elle acheue. I’essaye à n’auoir expres besoing de nul. In me omnis spes est mihi. C’est chose que chacun peut en soy: mais plus facilement ceux, que Dieu a mis à l’abry des necessitez naturelles et vrgentes. Il fait bien piteux, et hazardeux, despendre d’vn autre. Nous mesmes qui est la plus iuste adresse, et la plus seure, ne nous sommes pas assez asseurez.

    Oh, how beholden I am to God that it has pleased him that I should receive all I have directly from his grace, and that he has kept all my debt particularly to himself! How earnestly I beg his holy mercy that I may never owe anyone a thank-you that really matters! Blessed freedom, which has brought me so far! May it see me to the end. I try to have no express need of anyone. All my hope is in myself. This is something everyone can do within himself, but more easily those whom God has sheltered from natural and pressing necessities. It is a very pitiful and hazardous thing to depend on another. We ourselves, who are the most rightful and the surest recourse, are not sure enough of ourselves.

    Terence, The Brothers.

    Ie n’ay rien mien, que moy; et si en est la possession en partie manque et empruntee. Ie me cultiue et en courage, qui est le plus fort: et encores en fortune, pour y trouuer dequoy me satisfaire, quand ailleurs tout m’abandonneroit. Eleus Hippias ne se fournit pas seulement de science, pour au giron des muses se pouuoir ioyeusement esquarter de toute autre compagnie au besoing: ny seulement de la cognoissance de la philosophie, pour apprendre à son ame de se contenter d’elle, et se passer virilement des commoditez qui lui viennent du dehors, quand le sort l’ordonne.

    I have nothing of my own but myself; and even my possession of that is partly defective and borrowed. I cultivate myself both in courage, which is the strongest, and also in fortune, so as to find there enough to satisfy me should everything else abandon me. Hippias of Elis furnished himself not only with learning, so that in the lap of the Muses he could, if need be, cheerfully withdraw from all other company; nor only with knowledge of philosophy, to teach his soul to be content with itself and to do without, manfully, the comforts that come to it from outside, when fate so orders.

    Il fut si curieux, d’apprendre encore à faire sa cuisine, et son poil, ses robes, ses souliers, ses bragues, pour se fonder en soy, autant qu’il pourroit, et soustraire au secours estranger. On iouyt bien plus librement, et plus gayement, des biens empruntez: quand ce n’est pas vne iouyssance obligee et contrainte par le besoing: et qu’on a, et en sa volonté, et en sa fortune, la force et les moyens de s’en passer. Ie me connoy bien. Mais il m’est malaisé d’imaginer nulle si pure liberalité de personne enuers moy, nulle hospitalité si franche et gratuite, qui ne me semblast disgratiée, tyrannique, et teinte de reproche, si la necessité m’y auoit encheuestré.

    He was so eager as to learn also to do his own cooking and his own hair, and to make his robes, his shoes, his breeches, so as to rest on himself as far as he could and free himself from outside help. One enjoys borrowed goods much more freely and more cheerfully when the enjoyment is not bound and constrained by need, and when one has, both in one’s will and in one’s fortune, the strength and the means to do without them. I know myself well. But it is hard for me to imagine any liberality toward me so pure, any hospitality so frank and free, that it would not seem to me graceless, tyrannical, and tinged with reproach if necessity had haltered me to it.

    Comme le donner est qualité ambitieuse, et de prerogatiue, aussi est l’accepter qualité de summission. Tesmoin l’iniurieux, et querelleux refus, que Baiazet feit des presents, que Temir luy enuoyoit. Et ceux qu’on offrit de la part de l’Empereur Solyman, à l’Empereur de Calicut, le mirent en si grand despit, que non seulement il les refusa rudement: disant, que ny luy ny ses predecesseurs n’auoient accoustumé de prendre: et que c’estoit leur office de donner: mais en outre feit mettre en vn cul de fosse, les ambassadeurs enuoyez à cet effect.

    As giving is a quality of ambition and prerogative, so accepting is a quality of submission. Witness the insulting and quarrelsome refusal Bajazet made of the presents Temir sent him. And those that were offered on behalf of the Emperor Suleiman to the Emperor of Calicut put him in such a rage that he not only refused them rudely, saying that neither he nor his predecessors were in the habit of taking, and that it was their office to give, but also had the ambassadors sent for the purpose thrown into a dungeon.

    Quand Thetis, dit Aristote, flatte Iuppiter: quand les Lacedemoniens flattent les Atheniens: ils ne vont pas leur rafreschissant la memoire des biens, qu’ils leur ont faits, qui est tousiours odieuse: mais la memoire des bien-faicts qu’ils ont receuz d’eux. Ceux que ie voy si familierement employer tout chacun et s’y engager: ne le feroient pas, s’ils sauouroient comme moy la douceur d’vne pure liberté: et s’ils poisoient autant que doit poiser à vn sage homme, l’engageure d’vne obligation. Elle se paye à l’aduenture quelquefois: mais elle ne se dissout iamais. Cruel garrotage, à qui ayme d’affranchir les coudees de sa liberté, en tout sens.

    When Thetis, says Aristotle, flatters Jupiter, when the Spartans flatter the Athenians, they do not go about refreshing their memory of the benefits they have done them, which is always odious, but of the benefits they have received from them. Those whom I see so freely making use of everyone and putting themselves in debt would not do so if they savored as I do the sweetness of pure freedom, and if they weighed the burden of an obligation as heavily as a wise man should. It may be paid off sometimes, but it is never dissolved. A cruel shackle for one who likes to give his freedom elbow room in every direction.

    Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics IV.

    Mes cognoissants, et au dessus et au dessous de moy, sçauent, s’ils en ont iamais veu, de moins sollicitant, requerant, suppliant, ny moins chargeant sur autruy. Si ie le suis, au delà de tout exemple moderne, ce n’est pas grande merueille: tant de pieces de mes mœurs y contribuants. Vn peu de fierté naturelle: l’impatience du refus: contraction de mes desirs et desseins: inhabileté à toute sorte d’affaires. Et mes qualitez plus fauories, l’oysiueté, la franchise. Par tout cela, i’ay prins à haine mortelle, d’estre tenu ny à autre, ny par autre que moy. I’employe bien viuement, tout ce que ie puis, à m’en passer: auant que i’employe la beneficence d’vn autre, en quelque, ou legere ou poisante occasion ou besoing que ce soit.

    Those who know me, both above and below me, know whether they have ever seen anyone less given to soliciting, requesting, entreating, or less of a burden on others. If I am so beyond any modern example, it is no great wonder, since so many parts of my character contribute to it: a little natural pride; impatience at refusal; the narrowness of my desires and plans; ineptitude for any kind of business; and my most favored qualities, idleness and independence. Through all this I have taken a mortal hatred to being beholden either to anyone else or through anyone but myself. I very vigorously use every means I can to do without, before I make use of another’s beneficence, on any occasion or need whatever, light or weighty.

    Mes amis m’importunent estrangement, quand ils me requierent, de requerir vn tiers. Et ne me semble guere moins de coust, desengager celuy qui me doibt, vsant de luy: que m’engager enuers celuy, qui ne me doibt rien. Cette condition ostee, et cet’ autre, qu’ils ne vueillent de moy chose negotieuse et soucieuse (car i’ay denoncé à tout soing guerre capitale) ie suis commodement facile et prest au besoing de chacun. Mais i’ay encore plus fuy à receuoir, que ie n’ay cherché à donner: aussi est il bien plus aysé selon Aristote. Ma fortune m’a peu permis de bien faire à autruy: et ce peu qu’elle m’en a permis, elle l’a assez maigrement logé.

    My friends annoy me extraordinarily when they ask me to ask a third party. And it seems to me hardly less costly to release someone who owes me by making use of him than to put myself in debt to someone who owes me nothing. With that condition removed, and this other one, that they do not want from me anything that involves business and worry (for I have declared mortal war on all care), I am comfortably easy and ready to meet anyone’s need. But I have shunned receiving even more than I have sought to give; and indeed that is much easier, according to Aristotle. My fortune has allowed me little opportunity to do good to others, and what little it has allowed, it has placed rather poorly.

    Si elle m’eust faict naistre pour tenir quelque rang entre les hommes, i’eusse esté ambitieux de me faire aymer: non de me faire craindre ou admirer. L’exprimeray-ie plus insolamment? i’eusse autant regardé, au plaire, qu’au prouffiter. Cyrus tres-sagement, et par la bouche d’vn tres bon capitaine, et meilleur philosophe encores, estime sa bonté et ses biens faicts, loing au delà de sa vaillance, et belliqueuses conquestes. Et le premier Scipion, par tout où il se veut faire valoir, poise sa debonnaireté et humanité, au dessus de sa hardiesse et de ses victoires: et a tousiours en la bouche ce glorieux mot, Qu’il a laissé aux ennemys, autant à l’aymer, qu’aux amys.

    If it had had me born to hold some rank among men, I would have been ambitious to make myself loved, not to make myself feared or admired. Shall I put it more insolently? I would have looked as much to pleasing as to being of use. Cyrus, very wisely, and through the mouth of a very good captain and a still better philosopher, values his kindness and his benefactions far above his valor and his warlike conquests. And the first Scipio, wherever he wants to show his worth, rates his gentleness and humanity above his boldness and his victories, and always has on his lips this glorious saying: that he had left his enemies as much reason to love him as his friends.

    Cyrus speaks in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia; the first Scipio is Scipio Africanus, victor over Hannibal.

    Ie veux donc dire, que s’il faut ainsi debuoir quelque chose, ce doibt estre à plus legitime tiltre, que celuy dequoy ie parle, auquel la loy de cette miserable guerre m’engage: et non d’vn si gros debte, comme celuy de ma totale conseruation: il m’accable.

    What I mean, then, is that if one must owe something in this way, it should be by a more legitimate title than the one I am speaking of, to which the law of this wretched war binds me; and not so great a debt as that of my entire preservation: it crushes me.

    Danger at home

    Expecting attack at night, he grows used to danger; he knows what he flees, not what he seeks.

    Ie me suis couché mille fois chez moy, imaginant qu’on me trahiroit et assommeroit cette nuict là: composant auec la Fortune, que ce fust sans effroy et sans langueur. Et me suis escrié apres mon patenostre, Impius hæc tam culta noualia miles habebit? Quel remede? c’est le lieu de ma naissance, et de la plus part de mes ancestres: ils y ont mis leur affection et leur nom. Nous nous durcissons à tout ce que nous accoustumons. Et à vne miserable condition, comme est la nostre, ç’a esté vn tresfauorable present de Nature, que l’accoustumance, qui endort nostre sentiment à la souffrance de plusieurs maux.

    A thousand times I have gone to bed in my own house imagining that I would be betrayed and murdered that very night, bargaining with Fortune that it should be without terror and without lingering. And after my Paternoster I have cried out: Shall some godless soldier possess these well-tilled fields? What remedy is there? It is the place where I was born, and most of my ancestors; they have set their affection and their name on it. We harden ourselves to whatever we grow used to. And for a wretched condition such as ours, habit has been a most favorable gift of Nature, lulling our feelings into enduring many ills.

    Virgil, Eclogues I.

    Les guerres ciuiles ont cela de pire que les autres guerres, de nous mettre chacun en echauguette en sa propre maison. Quàm miserum, porta vitam muróque tueri, / Vixque suæ tutum viribus esse domus! C’est grande extremité, d’estre pressé iusques dans son mesnage, et repos domestique. Le lieu où ie me tiens, est tousiours le premier et le dernier, à la batterie de nos troubles: et où la paix n’a iamais son visage entier, Tum quoque cùm pax est, trepidant formidine belli. / Quoties pacem fortuna lacessit, / Hàc iter est bellis: melius, fortuna, dedisses / Orbe sub Eoo sedem, gelidàque sub Arcto, / Errantésque domos. Ie tire par fois, le moyen de me fermir contre ces considerations, de la nonchalance et lascheté.

    Civil wars are worse than other wars in this: they put each of us on sentry duty in his own house. How wretched to guard one’s life with gate and wall, / and to be scarcely safe in the strength of one’s own house! It is a great extremity to be harried right into one’s household and domestic rest. The place where I live is always the first and the last to be battered in our troubles, and where peace never shows its whole face. Even when there is peace, they tremble in fear of war. / Whenever Fortune breaks the peace, / this is the road wars take. Better, Fortune, had you given us / a home beneath the eastern sky, or under the frozen Bear, / and wandering dwellings. I sometimes draw the means to steel myself against these thoughts from indifference and slackness.

    The first two quotations are from Ovid, Tristia; the last is from Lucan, Pharsalia I.

    Elles nous menent aussi aucunement à la resolution. Il m’aduient souuent, d’imaginer auec quelque plaisir, les dangers mortels, et les attendre. Ie me plonge la teste baissee, stupidement dans la mort, sans la considerer et recognoistre, comme dans vne profondeur muette et obscure, qui m’engloutit d’vn saut, et m’estouffe en vn instant, d’vn puissant sommeil, plein d’insipidité et indolence. Et en ces morts courtes et violentes, la consequence que i’en preuoy, me donne plus de consolation, que l’effait de crainte. Ils disent, comme la vie n’est pas la meilleure, pour estre longue, que la mort est la meilleure, pour n’estre pas longue. Ie ne m’estrange pas tant de l’estre mort, comme i’entre en confidence auec le mourir.

    They also bring us, in some measure, to resolution. It often happens that I imagine mortal dangers with a certain pleasure, and await them. I plunge headlong, stupidly, into death, without considering or reconnoitering it, as into a silent, dark abyss that swallows me in one leap and smothers me in an instant in a powerful sleep, full of insipidity and painlessness. And in these short and violent deaths, the consequence I foresee gives me more consolation than the event gives me fear. They say that just as life is not the better for being long, death is the better for not being long. I do not keep my distance from being dead so much as I make friends with dying.

    Ie m’enueloppe et me tapis en cet orage, qui me doit aueugler et rauir de furie, d’vne charge prompte et insensible. Encore s’il aduenoit, comme disent aucuns iardiniers, que les roses et violettes naissent plus odoriferantes pres des aulx et des oignons, d’autant qu’ils sucçent et tirent à eux, ce qu’il y a de mauuaise odeur en la terre: aussi que ces deprauées natures, humassent tout le venin de mon air et du climat, et m’en rendissent d’autant meilleur et plus pur, par leur voysinage: que ie ne perdisse pas tout.

    I wrap myself up and crouch down in this storm, which must blind me and carry me off in its fury with a swift, unfelt assault. Again, if it were true, as some gardeners say, that roses and violets grow more fragrant near garlic and onions because these suck up and draw into themselves whatever bad smell is in the soil—if likewise these depraved natures were to suck up all the venom of my air and climate, and make me that much better and purer by their proximity—then I would not lose everything.

    Cela n’est pas: mais de cecy il en peut estre quelque chose, que la bonté est plus belle et plus attraiante quand elle est rare, et que la contrarieté et diuersité, roidit et resserre en soy le bien faire: et l’enflamme par la ialousie de l’opposition, et par la gloire. Les voleurs de leur grace, ne m’en veulent pas particulierement. Ne fay-ie pas moy à eux. Il m’en faudroit à trop de gents. Pareilles consciences logent sous diuerses sortes de robes. Pareille cruauté, desloyauté, volerie. Et d’autant pire, qu’elle est plus lasche, plus seure, et plus obscure, sous l’ombre des loix. Ie hay moins l’iniure professe que trahitresse; guerriere que pacifique et iuridique. Nostre fieure est suruenuë en vn corps, qu’elle n’a de guere empiré.

    That is not so; but there may be something in this: that goodness is more beautiful and more attractive when it is rare, and that contrariety and diversity stiffen and concentrate good conduct within itself, and inflame it by the jealousy of opposition and by glory. The robbers, thanks to their kindness, bear me no particular grudge. Nor do I them: I would have to bear one against too many people. Similar consciences lodge under different sorts of robes. Similar cruelty, disloyalty, robbery—and all the worse for being more cowardly, more secure, and more hidden, under the shadow of the laws. I hate injury less when it is open than when it is treacherous, less when warlike than when peaceful and judicial. Our fever has come upon a body that it has hardly made worse.

    Le feu y estoit, la flamme s’y est prinse. Le bruit est plus grand: le mal, de peu. Ie respons ordinairement, à ceux qui me demandent raison de mes voyages: Que ie sçay bien ce que ie fuis, mais non pas ce que ie cherche. Si on me dit, que parmy les estrangers il y peut auoir aussi peu de santé, et que leurs mœurs ne sont pas mieux nettes que les nostres: ie respons premierement, qu’il est malaysé: Tam multæ scelerum facies! Secondement, c’est tousiours gain, de changer vn mauuais estat à vn estat incertain. Et que les maux d’autruy ne nous doiuent pas poindre comme les nostres.

    The fire was there; the flame has caught. The noise is greater; the harm, only a little. To those who ask me the reason for my travels, I usually answer that I know well what I am fleeing, but not what I am seeking. If I am told that among foreigners there may be just as little health, and that their ways are no cleaner than ours, I answer, first, that this is unlikely: So many are the faces of crime! Second, that it is always a gain to exchange a bad condition for an uncertain one. And that the ills of others should not sting us as our own do.

    Virgil, Georgics I.

    Paris and the world

    He loves Paris, his one bond to France, and counts all men his compatriots.

    Ie ne veux pas oublier cecy, que ie ne me mutine iamais tant contre la France, que ie ne regarde Paris de bon œil. Elle a mon cœur des mon enfance. Et m’en est aduenu comme des choses excellentes: plus i’ay veu dépuis d’autres villes belles, plus la beauté de cette cy, peut, et gaigne sur mon affection. Ie l’ayme par elle mesme, et plus en son estre seul, que rechargee de pompe estrangere. Ie l’ayme tendrement, iusques à ses verrues et à ses taches.

    I do not want to forget this: that I am never so rebellious against France that I do not look on Paris with a kindly eye. She has had my heart since my childhood. And it has gone with me as with excellent things: the more other beautiful cities I have seen since, the more the beauty of this one gains power over my affection and wins it. I love her for herself, and more in her own being than loaded with foreign pomp. I love her tenderly, down to her warts and blemishes.

    Ie ne suis François, que par cette grande cité: grande en peuples, grande en felicité de son assiette: mais sur tout grande, et incomparable en varieté, et diuersité de commoditez: la gloire de la France, et l’vn des plus nobles ornements du monde. Dieu en chasse loing nos diuisions: entiere et vnie, ie la trouue deffendue de toute autre violence. Ie l’aduise, que de tous les partis, le pire sera celuy qui la mettra en discorde. Et ne crains pour elle, qu’elle mesme. Et crains pour elle, autant certes, que pour autre piece de cet estat. Tant qu’elle durera, ie n’auray faute de retraicte, où rendre mes abboys: suffisante à me faire perdre le regret de tout’ autre retraicte.

    I am French only through this great city: great in population, great in the happiness of her situation, but above all great and incomparable in the variety and diversity of her amenities; the glory of France and one of the noblest ornaments of the world. May God drive our divisions far from her! Whole and united, I find her protected against any other violence. I warn her that of all the parties, the worst will be the one that sets her at odds with herself. And I fear for her only from herself. And I fear for her, truly, as much as for any other part of this state. As long as she lasts, I shall not lack a refuge where I can turn at bay, one sufficient to make me lose regret for any other refuge.

    Non par ce que Socrates l’a dict, mais par ce qu’en verité c’est mon humeur, et à l’auanture non sans quelque excez, i’estime tous les hommes mes compatriotes: et embrasse vn Polonois comme vn François, postposant cette lyaison nationale, à l’vniuerselle et commune. Ie ne suis guere feru de la douceur d’vn air naturel. Les cognoissances toutes neufues, et toutes miennes, me semblent bien valoir ces autres communes et fortuites cognoissances du voisinage. Les amitiez pures de nostre acquest, emportent ordinairement, celles ausquelles la communication du climat, ou du sang, nous ioignent.

    Not because Socrates said it, but because it is truly my temperament, and perhaps not without some excess, I consider all men my compatriots, and I embrace a Pole as I do a Frenchman, putting this national bond below the universal and common one. I am hardly smitten with the sweetness of my native air. Acquaintances entirely new and entirely my own seem to me well worth those other common, chance acquaintances of the neighborhood. Friendships that are purely of our own acquiring usually prevail over those to which a shared climate or blood joins us.

    Plutarch reports Socrates calling himself a citizen not of Athens but of the world.

    Nature nous a mis au monde libres et desliez, nous nous emprisonnons en certains destroits: comme les Roys de Perse qui s’obligeoient de ne boire iamais autre eau, que celle du fleuue de Choaspez, renonçoyent par sottise, à leur droict d’vsage en toutes les autres eaux: et assechoient pour leur regard, tout le reste du monde. Ce que Socrates feit sur sa fin, d’estimer vne sentence d’exil pire, qu’vne sentence de mort contre soy: ie ne seray, à mon aduis, iamais ny si cassé, ny si estroittement habitué en mon païs, que ie le feisse. Ces vies celestes, ont assez d’images, que i’embrasse par estimation plus que par affection.

    Nature has put us into the world free and unbound; we imprison ourselves in certain narrow confines, like the kings of Persia, who bound themselves never to drink any water but that of the river Choaspes, foolishly renounced their right to use all other waters, and dried up, as far as they were concerned, the whole rest of the world. What Socrates did at the end of his life, judging a sentence of exile against himself worse than a sentence of death—I shall never, I think, be so broken down or so narrowly attached to my country as to do that. These heavenly lives offer enough images that I embrace by esteem more than by affection.

    The Choaspes flowed past Susa, a Persian royal residence (Herodotus).

    Et en ont aussi, de si esleuees, et extraordinaires, que par estimation mesme ie ne les puis embrasser, d’autant que ie ne les puis conceuoir. Cette humeur fut bien tendre à vn homme, qui iugeoit le monde sa ville. Il est vray, qu’il dedaignoit les peregrinations, et n’auoit gueres mis le pied hors le territoire d’Attique. Quoy, qu’il plaignoit l’argent de ses amis à desengager sa vie: et qu’il refusa de sortir de prison par l’entremise d’autruy, pour ne desobeïr aux loix en vn temps, qu’elles estoient d’ailleurs si fort corrompuës? Ces exemples sont de la premiere espece, pour moy. De la seconde, sont d’autres, que ie pourroy trouuer en ce mesme personnage.

    And they also offer some so lofty and extraordinary that I cannot embrace them even by esteem, since I cannot conceive them. That was a very tender feeling in a man who held the world to be his city. It is true that he disdained travel and had scarcely ever set foot outside the territory of Attica. What of the fact that he begrudged his friends’ money to buy back his life, and refused to leave prison through the intervention of others, so as not to disobey the laws at a time when they were otherwise so badly corrupted? These examples are of the first kind, for me. Of the second kind are others that I could find in this same person.

    Plusieurs de ces rares exemples surpassent la force de mon action: mais aucuns surpassent encore la force de mon iugement.

    Several of these rare examples are beyond the strength of my action; but some are beyond even the strength of my judgment.

    The pleasures of travel

    Travel exercises the mind with variety; he rides for hours and minds no weather.

    Outre ces raisons, le voyager me semble vn exercice profitable. L’ame y a vne continuelle exercitation, à remarquer des choses incogneuës et nouuelles. Et ie ne sçache point meilleure escole, comme i’ay dict souuent, à façonner la vie, que de luy proposer incessamment la diuersité de tant d’autres vies, fantasies, et vsances: et luy faire gouster vne si perpetuelle varieté de formes de nostre nature. Le corps n’y est ny oisif ny trauaillé: et cette moderee agitation le met en haleine. Ie me tien à cheual sans demonter, tout choliqueux que ie suis, et sans m’y ennuyer, huict et dix heures, Vires vltra sortémque senectæ. Nulle saison m’est ennemye, que le chaut aspre d’vn soleil poignant.

    Besides these reasons, traveling seems to me a profitable exercise. The soul is continually exercised in noticing things unknown and new; and I know no better school, as I have often said, for shaping life than to set before it constantly the diversity of so many other lives, notions, and ways, and to give it a taste of so perpetual a variety of the forms of our nature. The body is neither idle nor overworked, and this moderate agitation keeps it in good wind. I stay on horseback without dismounting, subject to the colic though I am, and without wearying of it, for eight and ten hours, Beyond the strength and lot of old age. No season is my enemy except the harsh heat of a scorching sun.

    Virgil, Aeneid VI.

    Car les ombrelles, dequoy dépuis les anciens Romains l’Italie se sert, chargent plus les bras, qu’ils ne deschargent la teste. Ie voudroy sçauoir quelle industrie c’estoit aux Perses, si anciennement, et en la naissance de la luxure, de se faire du vent frais, et des ombrages à leur poste, comme dict Xenophon. I’ayme les pluyes et les crotes comme les cannes. La mutation d’air et de climat ne me touche point. Tout ciel m’est vn. Ie ne suis battu que des alterations internes, que ie produicts en moy, et celles là m’arriuent moins en voyageant. Ie suis mal-aisé à esbranler: mais estant auoyé, ie vay tant qu’on veut.

    For the parasols that Italy has used since the ancient Romans burden the arms more than they relieve the head. I would like to know what ingenuity the Persians had, so long ago and at the very birth of luxury, to make cool breezes and shade for themselves at will, as Xenophon says. I love rain and mud as ducks do. Change of air and climate does not affect me at all; every sky is the same to me. I am buffeted only by the internal alterations I produce in myself, and those come over me less when I travel. I am hard to get moving; but once on my way, I will go as far as you like.

    I’estriue autant aux petites entreprises, qu’aux grandes: et à m’equiper pour faire vne iournée, et visiter vn voisin, que pour vn iuste voyage. I’ay apris à faire mes iournees à l’Espagnole, d’vne traicte: grandes et raisonnables iournees. Et aux extremes chaleurs, les passe de nuict, du soleil couchant iusques au leuant. L’autre façon de repaistre en chemin, en tumulte et haste, pour la disnee, nommément aux cours iours, est incommode. Mes cheuaux en valent mieux. Iamais cheual ne m’a failly, qui a sceu faire auec moy la premiere iournee. Ie les abreuue par tout: et regarde seulement qu’ils ayent assez de chemin de reste, pour battre leur eau.

    I balk as much at small undertakings as at great ones, and at equipping myself for a day’s ride to visit a neighbor as for a real journey. I have learned to make my day’s journeys in the Spanish manner, in one stretch: long but reasonable stages. And in extreme heat I ride them by night, from sunset to sunrise. The other way, stopping to eat on the road, in confusion and haste, for the midday meal, especially on the short days, is inconvenient. My horses are the better for it. No horse that could do the first day’s stage with me has ever failed me. I water them everywhere, and only make sure they have enough road left to work off their water.

    La paresse à me leuer, donne loisir à ceux qui me suyuent, de disner à leur aise, auant partir. Pour moy, ie ne mange iamais trop tard: l’appetit me vient en mangeant, et point autrement: ie n’ay point de faim qu’à table.

    My laziness about getting up gives those who follow me time to eat their dinner at their ease before setting out. As for me, I never eat too late: my appetite comes while I am eating, and not otherwise; I am never hungry except at table.

    Aucuns se plaignent dequoy ie me suis agreé à continuer cet exercice, marié, et vieil. Ils ont tort. Il est mieux temps d’abandonner sa maison, quand on l’a mise en train de continuer sans nous: quand on y a laissé de l’ordre qui ne demente point sa forme passee. C’est bien plus d’imprudence, de s’esloingner, laissant en sa maison vne garde moins fidele, et qui ait moins de soing de pouruoir à vostre besoing.

    Some complain that I have chosen to keep up this exercise though married and old. They are wrong. The better time to leave one’s house is when one has set it going so that it can carry on without us, when one has left in it an order that does not belie its former shape. It is far more imprudent to go far away leaving one’s house in the care of a less faithful guardian, one less concerned to provide for your needs.

    La plus vtile et honnorable science et occupation à vne mere de famille, c’est la science du mesnage. I’en vois quelqu’vne auare; de mesnagere, fort peu. C’est sa maistresse qualité, et qu’on doibt chercher, auant toute autre: comme le seul douaire qui sert à ruyner ou sauuer nos maisons. Qu’on ne m’en parle pas; selon que l’experience m’en a apprins, ie requiers d’vne femme mariee, au dessus de toute autre vertu, la vertu œconomique. Ie l’en mets au propre, luy laissant par mon absence tout le gouuernement en main. Ie vois auec despit en plusieurs mesnages, monsieur reuenir maussade et tout marmiteux du tracas des affaires, enuiron midy, que madame est encore apres à se coiffer et attiffer, en son cabinet.

    The most useful and honorable science and occupation for the mother of a family is the science of household management. I see some who are stingy; good managers, very few. This is her master quality, the one that should be sought before any other, as the only dowry that serves to ruin or save our houses. Let no one argue with me about it: as experience has taught me, I require of a married woman, above every other virtue, the virtue of economy. I give her full scope for it, leaving the whole government in her hands while I am away. I see with vexation, in many households, monsieur coming home around noon, morose and all out of sorts from the bustle of business, while madame is still busy doing her hair and dressing up in her private room.

    C’est à faire aux Roynes: encores ne sçay-ie. Il est ridicule et iniuste, que l’oysiueté de nos femmes, soit entretenuë de nostre sueur et trauail. Il n’aduiendra, que ie puisse, à personne, d’auoir l’vsage de ses biens plus liquide que moy, plus quiete et plus quitte. Si le mary fournit de matiere, Nature mesme veut qu’elles fournissent de forme.

    That is for queens to do—and even then I am not sure. It is ridiculous and unjust that the idleness of our wives should be maintained by our sweat and toil. It shall not happen, if I can help it, that anyone has freer use of his goods than I do, more tranquil and more clear of debt. If the husband supplies the matter, Nature herself wills that the wives supply the form.

    Marriage and absence

    Absence does not harm married love or friendship, since the imagination embraces what it lacks.

    Quant aux deuoirs de l’amitié maritale, qu’on pense estre interessez par cette absence: ie ne le crois pas. Au rebours, c’est vne intelligence, qui se refroidit volontiers par vne trop continuelle assistance, et que l’assiduité blesse. Toute femme estrangere nous semble honneste femme. Et chacun sent par experience, que la continuation de se voir, ne peut representer le plaisir que lon sent à se desprendre, et reprendre à secousses. Ces interruptions me remplissent d’vne amour recente enuers les miens, et me redonnent l’vsage de ma maison plus doux: la vicissitude eschaufe mon appetit, vers l’vn, puis vers l’autre party.

    As for the duties of married love, which people think this absence harms: I do not believe it. On the contrary, it is a bond that readily cools with too constant attendance, and that unbroken presence wounds. Every woman who is not our own seems to us a decent woman. And everyone knows from experience that seeing each other all the time cannot match the pleasure we feel in parting and coming together again by fits and starts. These interruptions fill me with a fresh love for my family and give me back the enjoyment of my home more sweetly. The alternation sharpens my appetite, first for one side, then for the other.

    Ie sçay que l’amitié a les bras assez longs, pour se tenir et se ioindre, d’vn coin de monde à l’autre: et specialement cette cy, où il y a vne continuelle communication d’offices, qui en reueillent l’obligation et la souuenance. Les Stoïciens disent bien, qu’il y a si grande colligance et relation entre les sages, que celuy qui disne en France, repaist son compagnon en Ægypte; et qui estend seulement son doigt, où que ce soit, tous les sages qui sont sur la terre habitable, en sentent ayde. La iouyssance, et la possession, appartiennent principalement à l’imagination. Elle embrasse plus chaudement et plus continuellement ce qu’elle va querir, que ce que nous touchons.

    I know that friendship has arms long enough to hold on and reach from one corner of the world to the other. This is especially true of this kind, where there is a constant exchange of services that reawaken its obligation and its memory. The Stoics say, indeed, that there is so close a bond and connection among the wise that a man who dines in France feeds his companion in Egypt. If he merely stretches out his finger, wherever he may be, all the wise men on the habitable earth feel themselves helped by it. Enjoyment and possession belong chiefly to the imagination. It embraces what it goes in search of more warmly and more constantly than what we touch.

    Comptez voz amusements iournaliers; vous trouuerez que vous estes lors plus absent de vostre amy, quand il vous est present. Son assistance relasche vostre attention, et donne liberté à vostre pensee, de s’absenter à toute heure, pour toute occasion. De Rome en hors, ie tiens et regente ma maison, et les commoditez que i’y ay laissé: ie voy croistre mes murailles, mes arbres, et mes rentes, et descroistre à deux doigts pres, comme quand i’y suis, Ante oculos errat domus, errat forma locorum. Si nous ne iouyssons que ce que nous touchons, adieu noz escus quand ils sont en noz coffres, et noz enfans s’ils sont à la chasse. Nous les voulons plus pres. Au iardin est-ce loing? A vne demy iournee?

    Count up your daily amusements: you will find that you are most absent from your friend when he is present. His presence slackens your attention and leaves your thought free to wander off at any hour and on any pretext. From Rome I keep and govern my house and the comforts I left there. I see my walls, my trees and my income grow, and shrink, to within two fingers’ breadth, just as when I am there: Before my eyes my house hovers, and the look of the places. If we enjoy only what we touch, farewell to our money when it is in our coffers, and to our children when they are out hunting. We want them nearer. Is the garden far? Half a day’s journey?

    Ovid, Tristia.

    Quoy, à dix lieuës est-ce loing, ou pres? Si c’est pres: quoy onze, douze, treze? et ainsi pas à pas. Vrayment celle qui sçaura prescripre à son mary, le quantiesme pas finit le pres, et le quantiesme pas donne commencement au loing, ie suis d’aduis qu’elle l’arreste entre-deux. Excludat iurgia finis. / Vtor permisso, caudæque pilos vt equinæ / Paulatim vello: et demo vnum, demo etiam vnum, / Dum cadat elusus ratione ruentis acerui. Et qu’elles appellent hardiment la philosophie à leur secours.

    What about ten leagues: is that far or near? If it is near, what about eleven, twelve, thirteen? And so on, step by step. Truly, if a wife can tell her husband at which step near ends and at which step far begins, I suggest she stop him halfway between. Let a fixed limit put an end to quarrels. / I take what is allowed, and like hairs from a horse’s tail / I pluck them out little by little, taking away one, and then another, / Until he falls, foiled by the reasoning of the dwindling heap. And let them boldly call philosophy to their aid.

    Horace, Epistles; the last lines allude to the ancient paradox of the heap (the sorites).

    A qui quelqu’vn pourroit reprocher, puis qu’elle ne voit ny l’un ny l’autre bout de la iointure, entre le trop et le peu, le long et le court, le leger et le poisant, le pres et le loing: puis qu’elle n’en recognoist le commencement ny la fin, qu’elle iuge bien incertainement du milieu. Rerum natura nullam nobis dedit cognitionem finium. Sont-elles pas encore femmes et amies des trespassez; qui ne sont pas au bout de cettuy-cy, mais en l’autre monde? Nous embrassons et ceux qui ont esté, et ceux qui ne sont point encore, non que les absens.

    Though someone might reproach philosophy that, since it sees neither end of the joint between too much and too little, long and short, light and heavy, near and far, and since it knows neither the beginning nor the end, it judges the middle very uncertainly. Nature has given us no knowledge of limits. Are they not still the wives and friends of the dead, who are not at the far end of this world but in the other? We embrace both those who have been and those who are not yet, not just the absent.

    Cicero, Academica.

    Nous n’auons pas faict marché, en nous mariant, de nous tenir continuellement accouez, l’vn à l’autre, comme ie ne sçay quels petits animaux que nous voyons, ou comme les ensorcelez de Karenty, d’vne maniere chiennine. Et ne doibt vne femme auoir les yeux si gourmandement fichez sur le deuant de son mary, qu’elle n’en puisse veoir le derriere, où besoing est. Mais ce mot de ce peintre si excellent, de leurs humeurs, seroit-il point de mise en ce lieu, pour representer la cause de leurs plaintes?

    When we married, we did not strike a bargain to stay forever coupled tail to tail, like certain little animals we see, or like the bewitched folk of Karenty, in doglike fashion. And a wife ought not to keep her eyes so greedily fixed on her husband’s front that she cannot see his back when need be. But might not this saying of that excellent painter of their temperaments fit here, to show the cause of their complaints?

    Karenty: Karenz, a town on the Baltic island of Rügen, where, according to old chronicles, couples were bewitched into sticking together like dogs.

    Vxor, si cesses, aut te amare cogitat, / Aut tete amari, aut potare, aut animo obsequi, / Et tibi bene esse soli, cùm sibi sit malè. Ou bien seroit-ce pas, que de soy l’opposition et contradiction les entretient et nourrit: et qu’elles s’accommodent assez, pourueu qu’elles vous incommodent?

    If you are late, your wife thinks that you are making love or being loved, / Or drinking, or following your fancy, / And that all goes well with you alone while all goes badly with her. Or might it rather be that opposition and contradiction in themselves keep them going and feed them, and that they are comfortable enough provided they make you uncomfortable?

    Terence, The Brothers.

    En la vraye amitié, de laquelle ie suis expert, ie me donne à mon amy, plus que ie ne le tire à moy. Ie n’ayme pas seulement mieux, luy faire bien, que s’il m’en faisoit: mais encore qu’il s’en face, qu’à moy: il m’en faict lors le plus, quand il s’en faict. Et si l’absence luy est ou plaisante ou vtile, elle m’est bien plus douce que sa presence: et ce n’est pas proprement absence, quand il y a moyen de s’entr’aduertir. I’ay tiré autrefois vsage de nostre esloingnement et commodité.

    In true friendship, in which I am an expert, I give myself to my friend more than I draw him to me. I do not merely prefer doing him good to having him do good to me. I would even rather he did good to himself than to me: he does me the most good when he does it to himself. And if absence is pleasant or useful to him, it is far sweeter to me than his presence. Nor is it really absence when there is a way of keeping each other informed. In the past I drew use and benefit from our being apart.

    The friend is La Boétie.

    Nous remplissions mieux, et estandions, la possession de la vie, en nous separant: il viuoit, il iouyssoit, il voyoit pour moy, et moy pour luy, autant plainement que s’il y eust esté: l’vne partie demeuroit oisiue, quand nous estions ensemble: nous nous confondions. La separation du lieu rendoit la conionction de noz volontez plus riche. Cette faim insatiable de la presence corporelle, accuse vn peu la foiblesse en la iouissance des ames.

    We filled out and stretched our possession of life the better by separating. He lived, he enjoyed, he saw for me, and I for him, as fully as if he had been there himself. When we were together, one part of us lay idle: we merged into one. Separation in place made the union of our wills richer. This insatiable hunger for bodily presence betrays a certain weakness in the enjoyment of souls.

    Traveling in old age

    He travels for the journey itself and would rather die on horseback, far from weeping friends.

    Quant à la vieillesse, qu’on m’allegue; au rebours: c’est à la ieunesse à s’asseruir aux opinions communes, et se contraindre pour autruy. Elle peut fournir à tous les deux, au peuple et à soy: nous n’auons que trop à faire, à nous seuls. A mesure que les commoditez naturelles nous faillent, soustenons nous par les artificielles. C’est iniustice, d’excuser la ieunesse de suyure ses plaisirs, et deffendre à la vieillesse d’en chercher. Ieune, ie couurois mes passions eniouees, de prudence: vieil, ie demesle les tristes, de débauche. Si prohibent les loix Platoniques, de peregriner auant quarante ans, ou cinquante: pour rendre la peregrination plus vtile et instructiue. Ie consentiroy plus volontiers, à cet autre second article, des mesmes loix, qui l’interdit, apres soixante.

    As for old age, which people bring up against me: it is the reverse. It is for youth to enslave itself to common opinion and to restrain itself for the sake of others. Youth can provide for both, for the public and for itself; we have only too much to do for ourselves alone. As natural comforts fail us, let us prop ourselves up with artificial ones. It is unjust to excuse youth for following its pleasures and forbid old age to look for any. When I was young, I hid my playful passions under prudence; now that I am old, I dispel my gloomy ones with revelry. Plato’s laws, it is true, forbid travel abroad before forty or fifty, to make travel more useful and instructive. I would more readily agree to the other, second article of the same laws, which forbids it after sixty.

    Plato, Laws, Book XII.

    Mais en tel aage, vous ne reuiendrez iamais d’vn si long chemin. Que m’en chaut-il? ie ne l’entreprens, ny pour en reuenir, ny pour le parfaire. I’entreprens seulement de me branler, pendant que le branle me plaist, et me proumeine pour me proumener. Ceux qui courent vn benefice, ou vn lieure, ne courent pas. Ceux là courent, qui courent aux barres, et pour exercer leur course. Mon dessein est diuisible par tout, il n’est pas fondé en grandes esperances: chasque iournee en faict le bout. Et le voyage de ma vie se conduict de mesme. I’ay veu pourtant assez de lieux esloingnez, où i’eusse desiré qu’on m’eust arresté.

    But at that age you will never come back from so long a road. What do I care? I undertake it neither to come back from it nor to complete it. I undertake only to keep myself moving while moving pleases me, and I walk for the sake of walking. Those who run after a benefice or a hare are not really running. The ones who run are those who play prisoner’s base, running for the exercise of it. My plan can be broken off anywhere; it is not founded on great hopes; each day’s journey is an end in itself. And the journey of my life goes the same way. Yet I have seen plenty of faraway places where I would have liked to be kept.

    Pourquoy non, si Chrysippus, Cleanthes, Diogenes, Zenon, Antipater, tant d’hommes sages, de la secte plus renfroingnée, abandonnerent bien leur pays, sans aucune occasion de s’en plaindre: et seulement pour la iouissance d’vn autre air? Certes le plus grand desplaisir de mes peregrinations, c’est que ie n’y puisse apporter cette resolution, d’establir ma demeure où ie me plairoy. Et qu’il me faille tousiours proposer de reuenir, pour m’accommoder aux humeurs communes.

    Why not, if Chrysippus, Cleanthes, Diogenes, Zeno, Antipater, so many wise men of the sternest sect, left their country without any cause to complain of it, merely to enjoy another air? Certainly the greatest displeasure of my travels is that I cannot bring to them the resolve to settle wherever I please, and that I must always plan to come back, to fit in with common temperaments.

    Stoic philosophers; this Diogenes is Diogenes of Babylon, not the Cynic.

    Si ie craingnois de mourir en autre lieu, que celuy de ma naissance: si ie pensois mourir moins à mon aise, esloingné des miens: à peine sortiroy-ie hors de France, ie ne sortirois pas sans effroy hors de ma parroisse. Ie sens la mort qui me pince continuellement la gorge, ou les reins. Mais ie suis autrement faict: elle m’est vne par tout. Si toutesfois i’auois à choisir: ce seroit, ce croy-ie, plustost à cheual, que dans vn lict: hors de ma maison, et loing des miens. Il y a plus de creuecœur que de consolation, à prendre congé de ses amis. I’oublie volontiers ce deuoir de nostre entregent.

    If I feared dying anywhere but where I was born, if I thought I would die less at ease far from my family, I would hardly leave France; I would not step outside my parish without dread. I feel death constantly pinching my throat or my kidneys. But I am made otherwise: it is all one to me everywhere. Yet if I had to choose, it would be, I think, on horseback rather than in a bed, away from my house and far from my family. There is more heartbreak than comfort in taking leave of one’s friends. I willingly neglect this duty of our social manners.

    Car des offices de l’amitié, celuy-là est le seul desplaisant: et oublierois ainsi volontiers à dire ce grand et eternel adieu. S’il se tire quelque commodité de cette assistance, il s’en tire cent incommoditez. I’ay veu plusieurs mourans bien piteusement, assiegez de tout ce train: cette presse les estouffe. C’est contre le deuoir, et est tesmoignage de peu d’affection, et de peu de soing, de vous laisser mourir en repos. L’vn tourmente vos yeux, l’autre vos oreilles, l’autre la bouche: il n’y a sens, ny membre, qu’on ne vous fracasse. Le cœur vous serre de pitié, d’ouïr les plaintes des amis; et de despit à l’aduanture, d’ouïr d’autres plaintes, feintes et masquées. Qui a tousiours eu le goust tendre, affoibly, il l’a encore plus.

    For of all the offices of friendship, this is the only unpleasant one, and so I would gladly forget to say that great and eternal farewell. If any advantage comes from having people around you, a hundred disadvantages come with it. I have seen many men die very pitifully, besieged by all that train: the crowd smothers them. It is against duty, and a sign of little affection and little care, to let you die in peace. One torments your eyes, another your ears, another your mouth; there is no sense or limb they do not batter. Your heart is wrung with pity at hearing your friends’ laments, and perhaps with vexation at hearing other laments, feigned and masked. A man who has always had delicate sensibilities has them still more when he is weakened.

    Il luy faut en vne si grande necessité, vne main douce, et accommodée à son sentiment pour le grater iustement où il luy cuit. Ou qu’on ne le grate point du tout. Si nous auons besoing de sage femme, à nous mettre au monde: nous auons bien besoing d’vn homme encore plus sage, à nous en sortir. Tel, et amy, le faudroit-il acheter bien cherement, pour le seruice d’vne telle occasion. Ie ne suis point arriué à cette vigueur desdaigneuse, qui se fortifie en soy-mesme, que rien n’aide, ny ne trouble; ie suis d’vn poinct plus bas. Ie cherche à coniller, et à me desrober de ce passage: non par crainte, mais par art.

    In so great a need, he wants a gentle hand, attuned to what he feels, to scratch him exactly where it itches—or else let no one scratch him at all. If we need a midwife, a “wise woman,” to bring us into the world, we surely need an even wiser man to get us out of it. Such a man, and a friend besides, would be worth buying very dearly for service on such an occasion. I have not reached that disdainful vigor which fortifies itself within itself, which nothing helps or troubles; I am a notch lower. I try to go to ground and slip away from this passage, not out of fear, but by skill.

    Ce n’est pas mon aduis, de faire en cette action, preuue ou montre de ma constance. Pour qui? Lors cessera tout le droict et l’interest, que i’ay à la reputation. Ie me contente d’vne mort recueillie en soy, quiete, et solitaire, toute mienne, conuenable à ma vie retirée et priuée. Au rebours de la superstition Romaine, où on estimoit malheureux, celuy qui mouroit sans parler: et qui n’auoit ses plus proches à luy clorre les yeux. I’ay assez affaire à me consoler, sans auoir à consoler autruy; assez de pensées en la teste, sans que les circonstances m’en apportent de nouuelles: et assez de matiere à m’entretenir, sans l’emprunter. Cette partie n’est pas du rolle de la societé: c’est l’acte à vn seul personnage.

    It is not my idea to make this act a proof or display of my constancy. For whom? At that point all my right and interest in reputation will cease. I am content with a death withdrawn into itself, quiet and solitary, entirely my own, befitting my retired and private life. This is the reverse of the Roman superstition, by which a man was thought unfortunate who died without speaking and without his nearest kin to close his eyes. I have enough to do consoling myself without having to console others; enough thoughts in my head without circumstances bringing me new ones; and enough matter to occupy me without borrowing any. This part does not belong to the role of society: it is a play with a single character.

    Viuons et rions entre les nostres, allons mourir et rechigner entre les inconnuz. On trouue en payant, qui vous tourne la teste, et qui vous frotte les pieds: qui ne vous presse qu’autant que vous voulez, vous presentant vn visage indifferent, vous laissant vous gouuerner, et plaindre à vostre mode.

    Let us live and laugh among our own; let us go and die and scowl among strangers. For money you can find someone to turn your head and rub your feet, who will press you only as much as you wish, showing you an indifferent face, letting you manage yourself and complain in your own way.

    Ie me deffais tous les iours par discours, de cette humeur puerile et inhumaine, qui faict que nous desirons d’esmouuoir par nos maux, la compassion et le dueil en nos amis. Nous faisons valoir nos inconueniens outre leur mesure, pour attirer leurs larmes. Et la fermeté que nous louons en chacun, à soustenir sa mauuaise fortune, nous l’accusons et reprochons à nos proches, quand c’est en la nostre. Nous ne nous contentons pas qu’ils se ressentent de nos maux, si encores ils ne s’en affligent. Il faut estendre la ioye, mais retrancher autant qu’on peut la tristesse. Qui se faict plaindre sans raison, est homme pour n’estre pas plaint, quand la raison y sera.

    Every day, by reasoning, I rid myself of that childish and inhuman temperament which makes us want our ills to stir compassion and grief in our friends. We inflate our troubles beyond their measure to draw their tears. And the firmness we praise in everyone else in bearing ill fortune, we blame and reproach in our family when the ill fortune is ours. We are not content that they should feel our ills unless they are also distressed by them. We should spread joy, but cut back sadness as much as we can. Whoever has himself pitied without reason is a man who will not be pitied when there is reason.

    C’est pour n’estre iamais plaint, que se plaindre tousiours, faisant si souuent le piteux, qu’on ne soit pitoyable à personne. Qui se faict mort viuant, est subiect d’estre tenu pour vif mourant. I’en ay veu prendre la cheure, de ce qu’on leur trouuoit le visage frais, et le pouls posé: contraindre leur ris, par ce qu’il trahissoit leur guairison: et haïr la santé, de ce qu’elle n’estoit pas regrettable. Qui bien plus est, ce n’estoyent pas femmes. Ie represente mes maladies, pour le plus, telles qu’elles sont, et euite les paroles de mauuais prognostique, et les exclamations composées. Sinon l’allegresse, aumoins la contenance rassise des assistans, est propre, pres d’vn sage malade.

    Always complaining is the way never to be pitied: by playing the pitiable so often, one becomes pitiable to no one. Whoever plays dead while alive is liable to be taken for alive while dying. I have seen some take offense because people found their complexion fresh and their pulse steady, stifle their laughter because it betrayed their recovery, and hate their health because it was not to be pitied. What is more, these were not women. I describe my illnesses, at most, as they are, and avoid words of ill omen and studied exclamations. If not cheerfulness, at least a composed bearing in those present is fitting beside a wise invalid.

    Pour se voir en vn estat contraire, il n’entre point en querelle auec la santé. Il luy plaist de la contempler en autruy, forte et entiere; et en iouyr au moins par compagnie. Pour se sentir fondre contre-bas, il ne reiecte pas du tout les pensées de la vie, ny ne fuit les entretiens communs. Ie veux estudier la maladie quand ie suis sain: quand elle y est, elle faict son impression assez réele, sans que mon imagination l’aide. Nous nous preparons auant la main, aux voyages que nous entreprenons, et y sommes resolus: l’heure qu’il nous faut monter à cheual, nous la donnons à l’assistance, et en sa faueur, l’estendons.

    Because he sees himself in the contrary state, he does not quarrel with health. He likes to contemplate it, strong and whole, in others, and to enjoy it at least by keeping it company. Because he feels himself sinking, he does not wholly reject thoughts of life, nor shun ordinary conversation. I want to study illness while I am healthy; when it is here, it makes its impression real enough without my imagination helping it. We prepare ourselves beforehand for the journeys we undertake, and have made up our minds to them; the hour when we must mount our horse we give to those around us, and for their sake we stretch it out.

    The book as a rule of life

    Publishing his ways keeps him true to them, and he hoped it might bring him a friend.

    Ie sens ce proffit inesperé de la publication de mes mœurs, qu’elle me sert aucunement de regle. Il me vient par fois quelque consideration de ne trahir l’histoire de ma vie. Cette publique declaration, m’oblige de me tenir en ma route; et à ne desmentir l’image de mes conditions: communément moins desfigurées et contredictes, que ne porte la malignité, et maladie des iugemens d’auiourd’huy. L’vniformité et simplesse de mes mœurs, produict bien vn visage d’aisée interpretation, mais parce que la façon en est vn peu nouuelle, et hors d’vsage, elle donne trop beau ieu à la mesdisance.

    I find this unexpected profit in publishing my ways: it serves me, in some measure, as a rule. Sometimes a certain concern comes over me not to betray the story of my life. This public declaration obliges me to keep to my road and not to belie the picture of my character—which is generally less disfigured and contradicted than the malice and sickness of present-day judgments would have it. The uniformity and simplicity of my ways do produce a face that is easy to read; but because its style is a little new and out of use, it gives slander too fine an opening.

    Si est-il vray, qu’à qui me veut loyallement iniurier, il me semble fournir bien suffisamment, où mordre, en mes imperfections aduoüées, et cogneuës: et dequoy s’y saouler, sans s’escarmoucher au vent. Si pour en preoccuper moy-mesme l’accusation, et la descouuerte, il luy semble que ie luy esdente sa morsure, c’est raison qu’il prenne son droict, vers l’amplification et extention. L’offence a ses droicts outre la iustice. Et que les vices dequoy ie luy montre des racines chez moy, il les grossisse en arbres. Qu’il y employe non seulement ceux qui me possedent, mais ceux aussi qui ne font que me menasser. Iniurieux vices, et en qualité, et en nombre. Qu’il me batte par là. I’embrasseroy volontiers l’exemple du philosophe Dion.

    Yet it is true that anyone who wants to attack me fairly will, it seems to me, find quite enough to bite on in my avowed and known imperfections, and enough to gorge himself on, without skirmishing at the wind. If, because I forestall him in accusing and exposing myself, he thinks I am drawing the teeth of his bite, it is reasonable that he should take his due by way of exaggeration and extension. Offense has its rights beyond justice. Let him swell into trees the vices whose roots I show him in me. Let him bring in not only those that possess me but also those that merely threaten me—injurious vices, both in quality and in number. Let him beat me with those. I would gladly follow the example of the philosopher Dion.

    Montaigne means Bion, whose reply is reported by Diogenes Laertius.

    Antigonus le vouloit piquer sur le subiet de son origine. Il luy coupa broche: Ie suis, dit-il, fils d’vn serf, boucher, stigmatizé, et d’vne putain, que mon pere espousa par la bassesse de sa fortune. Tous deux furent punis pour quelque mesfaict. Vn orateur m’achetta enfant, me trouuant beau et aduenant: et m’a laissé mourant tous ses biens; lesquels ayant transporté en cette ville d’Athenes, ie me suis addonné à la philosophie. Que les historiens ne s’empeschent à chercher nouuelles de moy: ie leur en diray ce qui en est. La confession genereuse et libre, enerue le reproche, et desarme l’iniure. Tant y a que tout conté, il me semble qu’aussi souuent on me loüe, qu’on me desprise outre la raison.

    Antigonus wanted to taunt him about his origins. He cut him short. “I am,” he said, “the son of a slave, a butcher, a branded man, and of a prostitute whom my father married because of the lowness of his fortune. Both were punished for some misdeed. An orator bought me as a child, finding me handsome and pleasing, and on his death left me all his goods. Having brought them to this city of Athens, I took up philosophy. Let historians not trouble themselves to look for news of me: I will tell them what there is.” A generous and free confession takes the sting out of reproach and disarms insult. Be that as it may, all things considered, it seems to me that I am as often praised beyond reason as disparaged beyond reason.

    Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedonia.

    Comme il me semble aussi que dés mon enfance, en rang et degré d’honneur, on m’a donné lieu, plustost au dessus, qu’au dessoubs de ce qui m’appartient. Ie me trouueroy mieux en païs, auquel ces ordres fussent ou reglez ou mesprisez. Entre les masles dépuis que l’altercation de la prerogatiue au marcher ou à se seoir, passe trois repliques, elle est inciuile. Ie ne crain point de ceder ou proceder iniquement, pour fuir à vne si importune contestation. Et iamais homme n’a eu enuie de ma presseance, à qui ie ne l’aye quittée.

    Just as it also seems to me that since childhood I have been given a place in rank and degree of honor above rather than below what is my due. I would be better off in a country where these orders were either regulated or disregarded. Among men, once a dispute over precedence in walking or sitting goes beyond three replies, it is uncivil. I am not afraid to yield or go ahead unfairly to escape so tiresome a contest. And no man has ever wanted precedence over me without my giving it up to him.

    Outre ce profit, que ie tire d’escrire de moy, i’en ay esperé cet autre, que s’il aduenoit que mes humeurs pleussent, et accordassent à quelque honneste homme, auant mon trespas, il rechercheroit de nous ioindre. Ie luy ay donné beaucoup de païs gaigné: car tout ce qu’vne longue cognoissance et familiarité, luy pourroit auoir acquis en plusieurs années, il l’a veu en trois iours dans ce registre, et plus seurement et exactement. Plaisante fantasie: plusieurs choses, que ie ne voudroy dire au particulier, ie les dis au public.

    Besides this profit I draw from writing about myself, I have hoped for another: that if my temperament happened to please and suit some decent man before my death, he would seek to meet me. I have given him a great deal of ground already won. For all that long acquaintance and familiarity could have gained him in many years, he has seen in three days in this register, and more surely and exactly. A comic notion: many things I would not want to say to any one person, I say to the public.

    Et sur mes plus secretes sciences ou pensées, renuoye à vne boutique de libraire, mes amis plus feaux: Excutienda damus præcordia. Si à si bonnes enseignes, i’eusse sceu quelqu’vn qui m’eust esté propre, certes ie l’eusse esté trouuer bien loing. Car la douceur d’vne sortable et aggreable compagnie, ne se peut assez acheter à mon gré. Eh qu’est-ce qu’vn amy! Combien est vraye cette ancienne sentence, que l’vsage en est plus necessaire, et plus doux, que des elemens de l’eau et du feu!

    And for my most secret knowledge or thoughts I send my most faithful friends to a bookseller’s shop: I give my inmost heart to be searched. Had I learned by such clear signs of someone who suited me, I would certainly have gone a very long way to find him. For to my mind the sweetness of fitting and agreeable company cannot be bought dearly enough. Oh, what a thing a friend is! How true is that ancient saying, that the use of one is more necessary and sweeter than that of the elements of water and fire!

    Persius, Satires; the ancient saying is from Cicero, On Friendship.

    Dying away from home

    A long decline should not be laid on one’s family; he would die quietly among strangers.

    Pour reuenir à mon conte. Il n’y a donc pas beaucoup de mal de mourir loing, et à part. Si estimons nous à deuoir de nous retirer pour des actions naturelles, moins disgratiées que cette-cy, et moins hideuses. Mais encore ceux qui en viennent là, de trainer languissans vn long espace de vie, ne deuroient à l’aduanture souhaiter, d’empescher de leur misere vne grande famille. Pourtant les Indois en certaine prouince, estimoient iuste de tuer celuy, qui seroit tombé en telle necessité. En vne autre de leurs prouinces, ils l’abandonnoient seul à se sauuer, comme il pourroit. A qui ne se rendent-ils en fin ennuyeux et insupportables? les offices communs n’en vont point iusques là.

    To return to my subject. There is not much harm, then, in dying far away and apart. After all, we think it our duty to withdraw for natural acts less unsightly than this one, and less hideous. But further, those who have come to the point of dragging out a long stretch of life in languishing should perhaps not wish to encumber a large family with their misery. That is why the Indians in a certain province thought it just to kill anyone who had fallen into such a state. In another of their provinces they left him alone to save himself as best he could. To whom do such people not become burdensome and unbearable in the end? Ordinary duties do not stretch that far.

    Vous apprenez la cruauté par force, à vos meilleurs amis: durcissant et femme et enfans, par long vsage, à ne sentir et plaindre plus vos maux. Les souspirs de ma cholique, n’apportent plus d’esmoy à personne. Et quand nous tirerions quelque plaisir de leur conuersation (ce qui n’aduient pas tousiours, pour la disparité des conditions, qui produict aisément mespris ou enuie, enuers qui que ce soit) n’est-ce pas trop, d’en abuser tout vn aage? Plus ie les verrois se contraindre de bon cœur pour moy, plus ie plaindrois leur peine. Nous auons loy de nous appuyer, non pas de nous coucher si lourdement sur autruy: et nous estayer en leur ruyne.

    You perforce teach cruelty to your best friends, hardening wife and children by long habit until they no longer feel and pity your ills. The groans of my colic no longer upset anyone. And even if we did draw some pleasure from their company (which does not always happen, because of the difference in conditions, which easily breeds contempt or envy toward anyone at all), is it not too much to abuse it for a whole lifetime? The more I saw them willingly constrain themselves for me, the more I would pity their trouble. We are allowed to lean on others, not to lie so heavily on them and prop ourselves up by their ruin.

    Comme celuy qui faisoit esgorger des petits enfans, pour se seruir de leur sang, à guarir vne sienne maladie. Ou cet autre, à qui on fournissoit des ieunes tendrons, à couuer la nuict ses vieux membres: et mesler la douceur de leur haleine, à la sienne aigre et poisante. La decrepitude est qualité solitaire. Ie suis sociable iusques à l’excez. Si me semble-il raisonnable, que meshuy ie soustraye de la veuë du monde, mon importunité, et la couue moy seul. Que ie m’appile et me recueille en ma coque, comme les tortuës: i’apprenne à veoir les hommes, sans m’y tenir. Ie leur ferois outrage en vn pas si pendant. Il est temps de tourner le dos à la compagnie.

    Like the man who had little children’s throats cut to use their blood to cure an illness of his. Or that other man who was supplied with tender young girls to warm his old limbs at night and mingle the sweetness of their breath with his own sour, heavy breath. Decrepitude is a solitary quality. I am sociable to excess. Yet it seems reasonable to me that from now on I should withdraw my tiresomeness from the sight of the world and brood over it alone; that I should huddle up and draw into my shell like the tortoises; that I should learn to see men without clinging to them. I would be doing them an injury on so steep a slope. It is time to turn my back on the company.

    The second example recalls King David, given the young Abishag to warm him in his old age (1 Kings 1).

    Mais en ces voyages vous serez arresté miserablement en vn caignart, où tout vous manquera. La plus-part des choses necessaires, ie les porte quant et moy. Et puis, nous ne sçaurions euiter la Fortune, si elle entreprend de nous courre sus. Il ne me faut rien d’extraordinaire, quand ie suis malade. Ce que Nature ne peut en moy, ie ne veux pas qu’vn bolus le face. Tout au commencement de mes fiéures, et des maladies qui m’atterrent; entier encores, et voisin de la santé, ie me reconcilie à Dieu, par les derniers offices Chrestiens. Et m’en trouue plus libre, et deschargé; me semblant en auoir d’autant meilleure raison de la maladie. De notaire et de conseil, il m’en faut moins que de medecins.

    But on these journeys you will be stuck miserably in some hovel where you will lack everything. Most necessary things I carry with me. And besides, we cannot escape Fortune if she sets out to attack us. I need nothing out of the ordinary when I am ill. What Nature cannot do in me, I do not want a pill to do. At the very beginning of my fevers and of the illnesses that lay me low, while I am still whole and close to health, I reconcile myself with God by the last Christian offices. And I feel freer and lighter for it, and it seems to me I have all the better of the illness. I need a notary and counsel less than physicians.

    Ce que ie n’auray estably de mes affaires tout sain, qu’on ne s’attende point que ie le face malade. Ce que ie veux faire pour le seruice de la mort, est tousiours faict. Ie n’oserois le dislayer d’vn seul iour. Et s’il n’y a rien de faict, c’est à dire, ou que le doubte m’en aura retardé le choix: car par fois, c’est bien choisir de ne choisir pas: ou que tout à faict, ie n’auray rien voulu faire.

    Whatever I have not settled in my affairs while in good health, let no one expect me to settle when ill. What I want to do in the service of death is always done. I would not dare to put it off a single day. And if nothing has been done, it means either that doubt has delayed my choice—for sometimes not choosing is choosing well—or that I wanted to do nothing at all.

    I’escris mon liure à peu d’hommes, et à peu d’années. Si ç’eust esté vne matiere de durée, il l’eust fallu commettre à vn langage plus ferme. Selon la variation continuelle, qui a suiuy le nostre iusques à cette heure, qui peut esperer que sa forme presente soit en vsage, d’icy à cinquante ans? Il escoule touts les iours de nos mains: et depuis que ie vis, s’est alteré de moitié. Nous disons, qu’il est à cette heure parfaict. Autant en dict du sien, chasque siecle. Ie n’ay garde de l’en tenir là tant qu’il fuira, et s’ira difformant comme il faict. C’est aux bons et vtiles escrits, de le clouer à eux, et ira son credit, selon la fortune de nostre estat.

    I write my book for few men and for few years. If it had been a subject meant to last, I would have had to entrust it to a firmer language. Given the continual change our language has undergone up to now, who can hope that its present form will still be in use fifty years from now? It slips through our fingers every day, and in my lifetime it has changed by half. We say it is now perfect. Every century says as much of its own. I am far from holding it to be so while it keeps slipping away and changing shape as it does. It is for good and useful writings to nail it fast to themselves, and its credit will follow the fortune of our state.

    Pourtant ne crains-ie point d’y inserer plusieurs articles priuez, qui consument leur vsage entre les hommes qui viuent auiourd’huy: et qui touchent la particuliere science d’aucuns, qui y verront plus auant, que de la commune intelligence. Ie ne veux pas, apres tout, comme ie vois souuent agiter la memoire des trespassez, qu’on aille debattant: Il iugeoit, il viuoit ainsin: il vouloit cecy: s’il eust parlé sur sa fin il eust dict, il eust donné; ie le cognoissois mieux que tout autre. Or autant que la bien-seance me le permet, ie fais icy sentir mes inclinations et affections. Mais plus librement, et plus volontiers, le fais-ie de bouche, à quiconque desire en estre informé.

    That is why I am not afraid to put in many private matters whose use is confined to men living today, and which touch the particular knowledge of certain people, who will see further into them than common understanding can. After all, I do not want people to go around arguing, as I often see the memory of the dead stirred up: “He judged this way, he lived this way; he wanted this; if he had spoken at the end he would have said, he would have given; I knew him better than anyone.” Now, as far as decency allows, I make my inclinations and affections felt here. But I do so more freely and more willingly by word of mouth to anyone who wishes to know them.

    Tant y a, qu’en ces memoires, si on y regarde, on trouuera que i’ay tout dit, ou tout designé. Ce que ie ne puis exprimer, ie le montre au doigt. Verum animo satis hæc vestigia parua sagaci / Sunt, per quæ possis cognoscere cætera tute. Ie ne laisse rien à desirer, et deuiner de moy. Si on doit s’en entretenir, ie veux que ce soit veritablement et iustement. Ie reuiundrois volontiers de l’autre monde, pour démentir celuy, qui me formeroit autre que ie n’estois, fust-ce pour m’honorer. Des viuans mesme, ie sens qu’on parle tousiours autrement qu’ils ne sont. Et si à toute force, ie n’eusse maintenu vn amy que i’ay perdu, on me l’eust deschiré en mille contraires visages.

    In any case, if you look closely at these memoirs, you will find that I have said everything, or pointed to everything. What I cannot express, I point at with my finger. But for a keen mind these small tracks are enough, / By which you can recognize the rest for yourself. I leave nothing about me to be wished for or guessed at. If people are to talk about me, I want it to be truly and justly. I would gladly come back from the other world to give the lie to anyone who made me out to be other than I was, even if it were to honor me. Even of the living, I find, people always speak otherwise than they are. And if I had not defended with all my strength a friend I have lost, they would have torn him apart into a thousand contrary faces.

    Lucretius, On the Nature of Things. The lost friend is La Boétie.

    Pour acheuer de dire mes foibles humeurs: i’aduouë, qu’en voyageant, ie n’arriue guere en logis, où il ne me passe par la fantasie, si i’y pourray estre, et malade, et mourant à mon aise. Ie veux estre logé en lieu, qui me soit bien particulier, sans bruict, non maussade, ou fumeux, ou estouffé. Ie cherche à flatter la mort, par ces friuoles circonstances. Ou pour mieux dire, à me descharger de tout autre empeschement: afin que ie n’aye qu’à m’attendre à elle, qui me poisera volontiers assez, sans autre recharge. Ie veux qu’elle ait sa part à l’aisance et commodité de ma vie. C’en est vn grand lopin, et d’importance, et espere meshuy qu’il ne dementira pas le passé.

    To finish telling my weaknesses: I confess that when traveling I hardly ever reach a lodging without wondering whether I could be ill there, and die there, at my ease. I want to be lodged in a place that is quite private to me, without noise, not dingy, smoky or stuffy. I try to flatter death with these trivial circumstances—or rather, to rid myself of every other encumbrance, so that I need attend to nothing but death, which will probably weigh on me enough without any further load. I want it to share in the ease and comfort of my life. It is a large piece of it, and an important one, and I hope from now on that it will not belie the past.

    La mort a des formes plus aisées les vnes que les autres, et prend diuerses qualitez selon la fantasie de chacun. Entre les naturelles, celle qui vient d’affoiblissement et appesantissement, me semble molle et douce. Entre les violentes, i’imagine plus mal-aisément vn precipice, qu’vne ruïne qui m’accable: et vn coup trenchant d’vne espée, qu’vne harquebusade: et eusse plustost beu le breuuage de Socrates, que de me fraper, comme Caton. Et quoy que ce soit vn, si sent mon imagination difference, comme de la mort à la vie, à me ietter dans vne fournaise ardente, ou dans le canal d’vne platte riuiere. Tant sottement nostre crainte regarde plus au moyen qu’à l’effect.

    Some forms of death are easier than others, and death takes on different qualities according to each person’s fancy. Among natural deaths, the one that comes from weakening and heaviness seems to me soft and gentle. Among violent ones, I find a fall from a cliff harder to imagine than a collapsing building that crushes me, and a cutting sword stroke harder than a arquebus shot. I would rather have drunk the potion of Socrates than stabbed myself like Cato. And though it is all one, my imagination feels as great a difference as between death and life between throwing myself into a blazing furnace and into the channel of a calm river. So foolishly does our fear look more to the means than to the outcome.

    Socrates drank hemlock in 399 BC; Cato the Younger stabbed himself at Utica in 46 BC.

    Ce n’est qu’vn instant; mais il est de tel poix, que ie donneroy volontiers plusieurs iours de ma vie, pour le passer à ma mode. Puisque la fantasie d’vn chacun trouue du plus et du moins, en son aigreur: puisque chacun a quelque choix entre les formes de mourir, essayons vn peu plus auant d’en trouuer quelqu’vne deschargée de tout desplaisir. Pourroit on pas la rendre encore voluptueuse, comme les commourans d’Antonius et de Cleopatra? Ie laisse à part les efforts que la philosophie, et la religion produisent, aspres et exemplaires. Mais entre les hommes de peu, il s’en est trouué, comme vn Petronius, et vn Tigillinus à Rome, engagez à se donner la mort, qui l’ont comme endormie par la mollesse de leurs apprests.

    It is only an instant; but it weighs so much that I would gladly give several days of my life to get through it in my own way. Since each man’s fancy finds more or less bitterness in it, and since each has some choice among the ways of dying, let us try a little further to find one free of all unpleasantness. Could we not even make it pleasurable, like Antony and Cleopatra’s companions in death? I leave aside the harsh and exemplary efforts produced by philosophy and religion. But among men of little account there have been some, like a Petronius and a Tigellinus in Rome, who, compelled to take their own lives, lulled death to sleep, as it were, by the softness of their preparations.

    Plutarch tells that Antony and Cleopatra formed a club of “those who will die together,” given over to feasting. Petronius was forced to kill himself by Nero, Tigellinus by Otho.

    Ils l’ont faicte couler et glisser parmy la lascheté de leurs passetemps accoustumez. Entre des garses et bons compagnons; nul propos de consolation, nulle mention de testament, nulle affectation ambitieuse de constance, nul discours de leur condition future: parmy les ieux, les festins, facecies, entretiens communs et populaires, et la musique, et des vers amoureux. Ne sçaurions nous imiter cette resolution en plus honneste contenance? Puis qu’il y a des morts bonnes aux fols, bonnes aux sages: trouuons-en qui soient bonnes à ceux d’entre deux. Mon imagination m’en presente quelque visage facile, et, puis qu’il faut mourir, desirable. Les tyrans Romains pensoient donner la vie au criminel, à qui ils donnoient le choix de sa mort.

    They let it flow and glide by amid the idle ease of their usual pastimes. Among girls and boon companions: no talk of consolation, no mention of a will, no ambitious show of constancy, no reasoning about their future condition, but games, feasts, jokes, ordinary popular conversation, music and love poems. Could we not imitate this resolve with a more decent bearing? Since there are deaths good for fools and deaths good for the wise, let us find some good for those in between. My imagination shows me death with an easy face, and, since we must die, a desirable one. The Roman tyrants thought they were giving a criminal his life when they gave him the choice of his death.

    Mais Theophraste philosophe si delicat, si modeste, si sage, a-il pas esté forcé par la raison, d’oser dire ce vers latinisé par Ciceron: Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia. La fortune aide à la facilité du marché de ma vie: l’ayant logée en tel poinct, qu’elle ne faict meshuy ny besoing aux miens, ny empeschement. C’est vne condition que i’eusse acceptée en toutes les saisons de mon aage: mais en cette occasion, de trousser mes bribes, et de plier bagage, ie prens plus particulierement plaisir à ne leur apporter ny plaisir ny deplaisir, en mourant. Elle a, d’vne artiste compensation, faict, que ceux qui peuuent pretendre quelque materiel fruict de ma mort, en reçoiuent d’ailleurs, coniointement, vne materielle perte.

    But was not Theophrastus, so refined, so modest, so wise a philosopher, forced by reason to dare to speak this line, which Cicero put into Latin? Fortune, not wisdom, rules our life. Fortune makes the bargain of my life easier, having placed it at such a point that it is now neither needed by my family nor a hindrance to them. That is a condition I would have accepted at any season of my life; but on this occasion, when I am packing up my odds and ends and folding my baggage, I take special pleasure in bringing them neither pleasure nor displeasure by my death. Fortune has, by an artful compensation, arranged that those who may expect some material gain from my death will at the same time suffer a material loss from another quarter.

    Cicero, Tusculan Disputations.

    La mort s’appesantit souuent en nous, de ce qu’elle poise aux autres: et nous interesse de leur interest, quasi autant que du nostre: et plus et tout par fois.

    Death often grows heavier for us because it weighs on others; it touches us with their interest almost as much as with our own, and sometimes more, and sometimes entirely.

    En cette commodité de logis que ie cherche, ie n’y mesle pas la pompe et l’amplitude: ie la hay plustost: mais certaine proprieté simple, qui se rencontre plus souuent aux lieux où il y a moins d’art, et que Nature honore de quelque grace toute sienne. Non ampliter sed munditer conuiuium. Plus salis quàm sumptus. Et puis, c’est à faire à ceux que les affaires entrainent en plain hyuer, par les Grisons, d’estre surpris en chemin en cette extremité. Moy qui le plus souuent voyage pour mon plaisir, ne me guide pas si mal. S’il faict laid à droicte, ie prens à gauche: si ie me trouue mal propre à monter à cheual, ie m’arreste.

    In the comfortable lodging I look for, I do not include pomp and size—I rather hate them—but a certain simple neatness, which is found more often in places where there is less art and which Nature honors with some grace all her own. A meal not lavish but neat. More wit than expense. And besides, it is for those whom business drags through the Grisons in the dead of winter to be caught on the road in such straits. I, who most often travel for pleasure, do not steer so badly. If the weather is foul on the right, I take the left; if I find myself unfit to ride, I stop.

    The first phrase is quoted by the Latin grammarian Nonius, the second is from Cornelius Nepos, Life of Atticus. The Grisons: the Alpine region of eastern Switzerland.

    Et faisant ainsi, ie ne vois à la verité rien, qui ne soit aussi plaisant et commode que ma maison. Il est vray que ie trouue la superfluité tousiours superfluë: et remarque de l’empeschement en la delicatesse mesme et en l’abondance. Ay-ie laissé quelque chose à voir derriere moy, i’y retourne: c’est tousiours mon chemin. Ie ne trace aucune ligne certaine, ny droicte ny courbe. Ne trouue-ie point où ie vay, ce qu’on m’auoit dict? comme il aduient souuent que les iugemens d’autruy ne s’accordent pas aux miens, et les ay trouuez le plus souuent faux: ie ne plains pas ma peine: i’ay apris que ce qu’on disoit n’y est point.

    And doing this, I truly see nothing that is not as pleasant and comfortable as my own house. It is true that I always find superfluity superfluous, and I notice encumbrance even in refinement and abundance. Have I left something unseen behind me? I go back to it: it is always on my way. I trace no fixed line, straight or curved. Do I not find, where I go, what I had been told? Since others’ judgments often do not agree with mine, and I have most often found them false, I do not regret my trouble: I have learned that what people said was there is not.

    Foreign ways

    He welcomes foreign food and customs and mocks the French who cling to their own.

    I’ay la complexion du corps libre, et le goust commun, autant qu’homme du monde. La diuersité des façons d’vne nation à autre, ne me touche que par le plaisir de la varieté. Chaque vsage a sa raison. Soyent des assietes d’estain, de bois, de terre: bouilly ou rosty; beurre, ou huyle, de noix ou d’oliue, chaut ou froit, tout m’est vn. Et si vn, que vieillissant, i’accuse cette genereuse faculté: et auroy besoin que la delicatesse et le choix, arrestast l’indiscretion de mon appetit, et par fois soulageast mon estomach.

    I have as free a constitution and as accommodating a palate as any man in the world. The difference in ways from one nation to another touches me only through the pleasure of variety. Each custom has its reason. Plates of pewter, wood or earthenware; boiled or roast; butter, or walnut or olive oil; hot or cold—it is all one to me. So much so that, as I grow old, I blame this generous capacity, and would need refinement and choice to check the indiscretion of my appetite and sometimes give my stomach some relief.

    Quand i’ay esté ailleurs qu’en France: et que, pour me faire courtoisie, on m’a demandé, si ie vouloy estre serui à la Françoise, ie m’en suis mocqué, et me suis tousiours ietté aux tables les plus espesses d’estrangers. I’ay honte de voir nos hommes, enyurez de cette sotte humeur, de s’effaroucher des formes contraires aux leurs. Il leur semble estre hors de leur element, quand ils sont hors de leur village. Où qu’ils aillent, ils se tiennent à leurs façons, et abominent les estrangeres. Retrouuent ils vn compatriote en Hongrie, ils festoient cette auanture: les voyla à se r’alier; et à se recoudre ensemble; à condamner tant de mœurs barbares qu’ils voyent. Pourquoy non barbares, puis qu’elles ne sont Françoises?

    When I have been outside France and people, to be courteous, have asked me whether I wanted to be served in the French style, I have laughed at it and always thrown myself at the tables most crowded with foreigners. I am ashamed to see our countrymen drunk with that foolish temperament that makes them shy away from ways contrary to their own. They seem to be out of their element when they are out of their village. Wherever they go, they cling to their own ways and loathe foreign ones. If they come upon a compatriot in Hungary, they celebrate the event: there they are, rallying and huddling together, condemning all the barbarous customs they see. Why not barbarous, since they are not French?

    Encore sont ce les plus habilles, qui les ont recognuës, pour en mesdire. La pluspart ne prennent l’aller que pour le venir. Ils voyagent couuerts et resserrez, d’vne prudence taciturne et incommunicable, se defendans de la contagion d’vn air incogneu. Ce que ie dis de ceux là, me ramentoit en chose semblable, ce que i’ay par fois apperçeu en aucuns de noz ieunes courtisans. Ils ne tiennent qu’aux hommes de leur sorte: nous regardent comme gens de l’autre monde, auec desdain, ou pitié. Ostez leur les entretiens des mysteres de la cour, ils sont hors de leur gibier. Aussi neufs pour nous et malhabiles, comme nous sommes à eux. On dict bien vray, qu’vn honneste homme, c’est vn homme meslé.

    And even these are the cleverest ones, who have at least noticed those customs, if only to speak ill of them. Most go only in order to come back. They travel muffled and closed up, with a silent, uncommunicative caution, guarding themselves against the contagion of an unknown air. What I say of them reminds me of something similar I have sometimes noticed in some of our young courtiers. They keep only to men of their own kind and look at us as people from another world, with disdain or pity. Take away their talk of the mysteries of the court, and they are off their hunting ground—as green and awkward in our eyes as we are in theirs. It is truly said that a decent man is a man of many parts.

    Au rebours, ie peregrine tressaoul de nos façons: non pour chercher des Gascons en Sicile, i’en ay assez laissé au logis: ie cherche des Grecs plustost, et des Persans: i’accointe ceux-la, ie les considere: c’est là où ie me preste, et où ie m’employe. Et qui plus est, il me semble, que ie n’ay rencontré guere de manieres, qui ne vaillent les nostres. Ie couche de peu: car à peine ay-ie perdu mes giroüettes de veuë. Au demeurant, la plus-part des compaignies fortuites que vous rencontrez en chemin, ont plus d’incommodité que de plaisir: ie ne m’y attache point, moins asteure, que la vieillesse me particularise et sequestre aucunement, des formes communes. Vous souffrez pour autruy, ou autruy pour vous.

    I, on the contrary, travel thoroughly sick of our ways. I do not go looking for Gascons in Sicily; I have left enough of them at home. I look rather for Greeks, and Persians. I get to know them, I observe them; that is where I lend myself and apply myself. And what is more, I seem to have met with hardly any manners that are not as good as ours. I am not staking much, for I have hardly lost sight of my weathervanes. For the rest, most of the chance company you meet on the road brings more trouble than pleasure. I do not attach myself to it, all the less now that old age sets me somewhat apart and cuts me off from common ways. Either you suffer for others, or others suffer for you.

    L’vn et l’autre inconuenient est poisant, mais le dernier me semble encore plus rude.

    Both drawbacks are heavy, but the second seems to me even harsher.

    C’est vne rare fortune, mais de soulagement inestimable, d’auoir vn honneste homme, d’entendement ferme, et de mœurs conformes aux vostres, qui aime à vous suiure. I’en ay eu faute extreme, en tous mes voyages. Mais vne telle compaignie, il la faut auoir choisie et acquise dés le logis. Nul plaisir n’a saueur pour moy sans communication. Il ne me vient pas seulement vne gaillarde pensée en l’ame, qu’il ne me fasche de l’auoir produite seul, et n’ayant à qui l’offrir. Si cum hac exceptione detur sapientia, vt illam inclusam teneam, nec enuntiem, reijciam. L’autre l’auoit monté d’vn ton au dessus.

    It is a rare stroke of fortune, but a relief beyond price, to have a decent man of firm understanding and ways that match your own, who likes to go along with you. I have sorely missed one on all my travels. But such company must have been chosen and won at home. No pleasure has any savor for me without someone to share it. Not even a lively thought comes into my mind without my being vexed at having produced it alone, with no one to offer it to. If wisdom were given me on condition that I keep it shut up and not speak it, I would refuse it. The other writer had raised this a tone higher.

    Seneca, Letters to Lucilius; the other writer is Cicero.

    Si contigerit ea vita sapienti, vt omnium rerum affluentibus copijs, quamuis omnia, quæ cognitione digna sunt, summo otio secum ipse consideret, et contempletur, tamen si solitudo tanta sit, vt hominem videre non possit, excedat è vita. L’opinion d’Archytas m’agrée, qu’il feroit desplaisant au ciel mesme, et à se promener dans ces grands et diuins corps celestes, sans l’assistance d’vn compaignon. Mais il vaut mieux encore estre seul, qu’en compaignie ennuyeuse et inepte. Aristippus s’aymoit à viure estranger par tout, Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam / Auspicijs, ie choisirois à la passer le cul sur la selle: Visere gestiens, / Qua parte debacchentur ignes, / Qua nebulæ pluuijque rores.

    If the wise man were granted such a life that, with an abundance of all things, he could consider and contemplate at his leisure everything worth knowing, yet if his solitude were so great that he could never see a human being, he should depart from life. I like the opinion of Archytas, that it would be unpleasant even in heaven, and to wander among those great and divine celestial bodies, without a companion beside him. But it is still better to be alone than in tedious and foolish company. Aristippus liked to live as a stranger everywhere. If the fates allowed me to lead my life / As I wished, I would choose to spend it with my backside in the saddle: Eager to go and see / Where the fires rage and revel, / Where the mists and the rainy dews hold sway.

    Cicero, On Duties. The verses are from Virgil, Aeneid, and Horace, Odes.

    Is travel vanity?

    An imagined critic says he carries his trouble with him; Montaigne admits his love of variety.

    Auez-vous pas des passe-temps plus aisez? dequoy auez-vous faute? Vostre maison est-elle pas en bel air et sain, suffisamment fournie, et capable plus que suffisamment? La majesté Royalle y a peu plus d’vne fois en sa pompe. Vostre famille n’en laisse-elle pas en reglement, plus au dessoubs d’elle, qu’elle n’en a au dessus, en eminence? Y a il quelque pensée locale, qui vous vlcere, extraordinaire, indigestible? Quæ te nunc coquat et vexet sub pectore fixa? Où cuidez-vous pouuoir estre sans empeschement et sans destourbier? Nunquam simpliciter fortuna indulget. Voyez donc, qu’il n’y a que vous qui vous empeschez: et vous vous suiurez par tout, et vous plaindrez par tout. Car il n’y a satisfaction ça bas, que pour les ames ou brutales ou diuines.

    Have you no easier pastimes? What do you lack? Is your house not in a fine, healthy setting, well enough furnished, and more than spacious enough? Royal majesty in all its pomp has been received there more than once. Does your family not leave more families below it in good order than it has above it in eminence? Is there some local worry that ulcerates you, out of the ordinary, impossible to digest? That now burns and torments you, lodged in your breast? Where do you think you can be free of hindrance and disturbance? Fortune never grants her favors unmixed. So you see that no one hinders you but yourself; you will follow yourself everywhere, and complain everywhere. For there is no satisfaction here below except for souls that are either brutish or divine.

    Henry of Navarre stayed at Montaigne in 1584 and 1587. The verse is from Ennius, quoted by Cicero; the maxim is from Quintus Curtius.

    Qui n’a du contentement à vne si iuste occasion, où pense-il le trouuer? A combien de milliers d’hommes, arreste vne telle condition que la vostre, le but de leurs souhaits? Reformez vous seulement: car en cela vous pouuez tout: là où vous n’aurez droict que de patience, enuers la fortune. Nulla placida quies est, nisi quam ratio composuit.

    If a man finds no contentment with so good a reason for it, where does he think to find it? For how many thousands of men does a condition like yours mark the limit of their wishes? Just reform yourself: in that you can do everything, whereas with Fortune you have no right but patience. There is no calm repose but the one that reason has composed.

    Seneca, Letters to Lucilius.

    Ie voy la raison de cet aduertissement, et la voy tresbien. Mais on auroit plustost faict, et plus pertinemment, de me dire en vn mot: Soyez sage. Cette resolution, est outre la sagesse: c’est son ouurage, et sa production. Ainsi fait le medecin, qui va criaillant apres vn pauure malade languissant, qu’il se resiouysse: il luy conseillerait vn peu moins ineptement, s’il luy disoit: Soyez sain. Pour moy, ie ne suis qu’homme de la commune sorte. C’est vn precepte salutaire, certain, et d’aisee intelligence: Contentez vous du vostre: c’est à dire, de la raison: l’execution pourtant, n’en est non plus aux plus sages, qu’en moy. C’est vne parole populaire, mais elle a vne terrible estendue. Que ne comprend elle?

    I see the reason for this advice, and see it very well. But it would have been quicker, and more to the point, to tell me in one word: Be wise. This resolution lies beyond wisdom; it is wisdom’s work and its product. That is what the physician does who goes shouting at some poor languishing patient to cheer up; his advice would be a little less foolish if he told him: Be well. As for me, I am only a man of the common sort. It is a wholesome precept, certain and easy to understand: Be content with what is yours—that is, with reason. Yet carrying it out is no more within the reach of the wisest than within mine. It is a common saying, but its scope is tremendous. What does it not include?

    Toutes choses tombent en discretion et modification. Ie sçay bien qu’à le prendre à la lettre, ce plaisir de voyager, porte tesmoignage d’inquietude et d’irresolution. Aussi sont ce nos maistresses qualitez, et prædominantes. Ouy; ie le confesse: ie ne vois rien seulement en songe, et par souhait, où ie me puisse tenir. La seule varieté me paye, et la possession de la diuersité: au moins si quelque chose me paye. A voyager, cela mesme me nourrit, que ie me puis arrester sans interest: et que i’ay où m’en diuertir commodément. I’ayme la vie priuee, par ce que c’est par mon choix que ie l’ayme, non par disconuenance à la vie publique: qui est à l’auanture, autant selon ma complexion.

    Everything comes down to discretion and qualification. I know very well that, taken literally, this pleasure in traveling is a sign of restlessness and irresolution. And indeed those are our master qualities, our ruling ones. Yes, I confess it: I see nothing, even in dreams and wishes, on which I could take a stand. Variety alone satisfies me, and the possession of diversity—if anything satisfies me at all. In traveling, what nourishes me is precisely that I can stop without loss and that I have places where I can comfortably turn aside. I love private life because I love it by my own choice, not from unfitness for public life, which perhaps suits my constitution just as well.

    I’en sers plus gayement mon Prince, par ce que c’est par libre eslection de mon jugement, et de ma raison, sans obligation particuliere. Et que ie n’y suis pas reiecté, ny contrainct, pour estre irreceuable à tout autre party, et mal voulu. Ainsi du reste. Ie hay les morceaux que la necessité me taille. Toute commodité me tiendroit à la gorge, de laquelle seule i’aurois à despendre: Alter remus aquas, alter mihi radat arenas. Vne seule corde ne m’arreste iamais assez.

    I serve my prince all the more gladly because I do it by the free choice of my judgment and my reason, without particular obligation, and because I am not cast out or forced into it by being unacceptable and unwelcome to every other party. And so with the rest. I hate the portions that necessity carves for me. Any advantage on which alone I had to depend would have me by the throat: Let one oar sweep the waters, the other the sands. A single rope never holds me fast enough.

    Propertius, Elegies.

    Precepts beyond our reach

    Moral rules demand more than anyone performs, and laws would hang every man ten times.

    Il y a de la vanité, dites vous, en cet amusement. Mais où non? Et ces beaux preceptes, sont vanité, et vanité toute la sagesse. Dominus nouit cogitationes sapientium, quoniam vanæ sunt. Ces exquises subtilitez, ne sont propres qu’au presche. Ce sont discours qui nous veulent enuoyer tous bastez en l’autre monde. La vie est vn mouuement materiel et corporel: action imparfaicte de sa propre essence, et desreglée. Ie m’employe à la seruir selon elle. Quisque suos patimur manes. Sic est faciendum, vt contra naturam vniuersam nihil contendamus: ea tamen conseruata, propriam sequamur. A quoy faire, ces poinctes esleuées de la philosophie, sur lesquelles, aucun estre humain ne se peut rasseoir: et ces regles qui excedent nostre vsage et nostre force?

    There is vanity, you say, in this amusement. But where is there not? These fine precepts are vanity, and all wisdom is vanity. The Lord knows the thoughts of the wise, that they are vain. These exquisite subtleties are fit only for the pulpit. They are arguments that would send us all into the other world with our pack-saddles on. Life is a material and bodily movement, an action imperfect and unruly by its very essence. I make it my business to serve it on its own terms. Each of us suffers his own shade. We must act so as never to strive against universal nature; yet, while respecting it, let us follow our own. What use are these lofty peaks of philosophy, on which no human being can settle, and these rules that exceed our practice and our strength?

    Psalm 94, quoted by Saint Paul (1 Corinthians 3); then Virgil, Aeneid, and Cicero, On Duties.

    Ie voy souuent qu’on nous propose des images de vie, lesquelles, ny le proposant, ny les auditeurs, n’ont aucune esperance de suiure, ny qui plus est, enuie. De ce mesme papier où il vient d’escrire l’arrest de condemnation contre vn adultere, le iuge en desrobe vn lopin, pour en faire vn poulet à la femme de son compagnon. Celle à qui vous viendrez de vous frotter illicitement, criera plus asprement, tantost, en vostre presence mesme, à l’encontre d’vne pareille faute de sa compaigne, que ne feroit Porcie. Et tel condamne les hommes à mourir, pour des crimes, qu’il n’estime point fautes.

    I often see people hold up to us patterns of life which neither the speaker nor the listeners have any hope of following, nor, what is more, any wish to. From the very paper on which he has just written the sentence condemning an adulterer, the judge tears off a scrap to write a love note to his colleague’s wife. The woman you have just been rubbing against unlawfully will presently, in your very presence, cry out against a like fault in her friend more harshly than Portia would. And many a man condemns others to death for crimes he does not think are faults at all.

    Portia, daughter of Cato and wife of Brutus, a model of Roman wifely virtue.

    I’ay veu en ma ieunesse, vn galant homme, presenter d’vne main au peuple des vers excellens et en beauté et en desbordement; et de l’autre main en mesme instant, la plus quereleuse reformation theologienne, dequoy le monde se soit desieuné il y a long temps. Les hommes vont ainsin. On laisse les loix, et preceptes suiure leur voye, nous en tenons vne autre. Non par desreglement de mœurs seulement, mais par opinion souuent, et par iugement contraire. Sentez lire vn discours de philosophie: l’inuention, l’eloquence, la pertinence, frappe incontinent vostre esprit, et vous esmeut. Il n’y a rien qui chatouille ou poigne vostre conscience: ce n’est pas à elle qu’on parle. Est-il pas vray?

    In my youth I saw a fine gentleman offer the public with one hand verses excellent in both beauty and licentiousness, and with the other, at the same moment, the most quarrelsome theological reformation the world has breakfasted on in a long time. That is how men go. We let laws and precepts go their way; we take another. Not only out of loose morals, but often out of opinion and contrary judgment. Listen to a philosophical discourse being read: the invention, the eloquence, the aptness strike your mind at once and move you. Nothing tickles or stings your conscience; it is not your conscience that is being addressed. Is that not true?

    Probably Theodore Beza, whose youthful Latin love poems (1548) preceded his career as a leading Calvinist theologian.

    Si disoit Ariston, que ny vne estuue ny vne leçon, n’est d’aucun fruict si elle ne nettoye et ne decrasse. On peut s’arrester à l’escorce: mais c’est apres qu’on en a retiré la mouelle. Comme apres auoir aualé le bon vin d’vne belle coupe, nous en considerons les graueures et l’ouurage. En toutes les chambrées de la philosophie ancienne, cecy se trouuera, qu’vn mesme ouurier, y publie des regles de temperance, et publie ensemble des escrits d’amour et desbauche. Et Xenophon, au giron de Clinias, escriuit contre la vertu Aristippique. Ce n’est pas qu’il y ait vne conuersion miraculeuse, qui les agite à ondées.

    So Ariston said that neither a bath nor a lesson is of any use unless it cleans and scrubs. One may linger over the bark, but only after the pith has been drawn out—just as, after drinking the good wine from a fine cup, we look at its engravings and workmanship. In every chamber of ancient philosophy you will find the same workman publishing rules of temperance and at the same time publishing writings on love and debauchery. And Xenophon, in the lap of Clinias, wrote against Aristippean virtue. It is not that some miraculous conversion sweeps over them in gusts.

    Diogenes Laertius reports Xenophon’s love for Clinias.

    Mais c’est que Solon se represente tantost soy-mesme, tantost en forme de legislateur: tantost il parle pour la presse, tantost pour soy. Et prend pour soy les regles libres et naturelles, s’asseurant d’vne santé ferme et entiere. Curentur dubij medicis maioribus ægri. Antisthenes permet au sage d’aimer, et faire à sa mode ce, qu’il trouue estre opportun, sans s’attendre aux loix: d’autant qu’il a meilleur aduis qu’elles, et plus de cognoissance de la vertu. Son disciple Diogenes, disoit, opposer aux perturbations, la raison: à fortune, la confidence: aux loix, nature. Pour les estomachs tendres, il faut des ordonnances contraintes et artificielles. Les bons estomachs se seruent simplement, des prescriptions de leur naturel appetit.

    It is rather that Solon presents himself now as himself, now in the guise of a lawgiver; now he speaks for the crowd, now for himself. For himself he takes free and natural rules, confident of firm and sound health. Let those who are dangerously ill be treated by the greatest physicians. Antisthenes allows the wise man to love and to do in his own way what he finds fitting, without regard to the laws, since he has better judgment than they and more knowledge of virtue. His disciple Diogenes said to set reason against the passions, confidence against Fortune, nature against the laws. Delicate stomachs need strict and artificial regimens. Good stomachs simply follow what their natural appetite prescribes.

    Juvenal, Satires. The disciple is Diogenes the Cynic.

    Ainsi font nos medecins, qui mangent le melon et boiuent le vin fraiz, ce pendant qu’ils tiennent leur patient obligé au sirop et à la panade. Ie ne sçay quels liures, disoit la courtisanne Lays, quelle sapience, quelle philosophie, mais ces gens-là, battent aussi souuent à ma porte, qu’aucuns autres. D’autant que nostre licence nous porte tousiours au delà de ce qui nous est loisible, et permis, on a estressy souuent outre la raison vniuerselle, les preceptes et loix de nostre vie. Nemo satis credit tantum delinquere, quantum / Permittas. Il seroit à desirer, qu’il y eust plus de proportion du commandement à l’obeïssance. Et semble la visée iniuste, à laquelle on ne peut atteindre.

    So do our physicians, who eat melon and drink cool wine while they keep their patient bound to syrup and bread soup. “I do not know about books,” said the courtesan Lais, “or wisdom, or philosophy; but those people knock at my door as often as anyone else.” Because our license always carries us beyond what is lawful and permitted, the precepts and laws of our life have often been narrowed beyond universal reason. Nobody thinks it enough to sin only as far / As you permit. It would be desirable for there to be more proportion between command and obedience. A target that cannot be reached seems unjust.

    Juvenal, Satires. Lais was a famous Greek courtesan of Corinth.

    Il n’est si homme de bien, qu’il mette à l’examen des loix toutes ses actions et pensées, qui ne soit pendable dix fois en sa vie. Voire tel, qu’il seroit tres-grand dommage, et tres-iniuste de punir et de perdre. Ole, quid ad te, / De cute quid faciat ille, vel illa sua? Et tel pourroit n’offencer point les loix, qui n’en meriteroit point la loüange d’homme de vertu: et que la philosophie feroit tres-iustement foiter. Tant cette relation est trouble et inegale. Nous n’auons garde d’estre gens de bien selon Dieu: nous ne le sçaurions estre selon nous. L’humaine sagesse, n’arriua iamais aux deuoirs qu’elle s’estoit elle mesme prescript.

    There is no man so good that, if he submitted all his actions and thoughts to the scrutiny of the laws, he would not deserve hanging ten times in his life—even a man whom it would be a very great loss and very unjust to punish and destroy. Olus, what is it to you / What he or she does with their own skin? And another man might never offend the laws who would not deserve the praise of a virtuous man, and whom philosophy would very justly have whipped. So muddled and uneven is this relationship. We are far from being good men by God’s standard; we cannot even be so by our own. Human wisdom has never yet reached the duties it had prescribed for itself.

    Martial, Epigrams.

    Et si elle y estoit arriuee, elle s’en prescriroit d’autres au delà, où elle aspirast tousiours et pretendist. Tant nostre estat est ennemy de consistance. L’homme s’ordonne à soy mesme, d’estre necessairement en faute. Il n’est guere fin, de tailler son obligation, à la raison d’vn autre estre, que le sien. A qui prescript-il ce, qu’il s’attend que personne ne face? Luy est-il iniuste de ne faire point ce qu’il luy est impossible de faire? Les loix qui nous condamnent, à ne pouuoir pas, nous condamnent de ce que nous ne pouuons pas.

    And if it had reached them, it would prescribe itself others beyond them, toward which it would always aspire and strive. So hostile is our condition to constancy. Man ordains for himself that he must necessarily be at fault. It is not very clever of him to cut his obligation to the measure of a being other than his own. To whom does he prescribe what he expects no one to do? Is it unjust of him not to do what it is impossible for him to do? The laws that condemn us to be unable condemn us for what we are unable to do.

    Au pis aller, cette difforme liberté, de se presenter à deux endroicts, et les actions d’vne façon, les discours de l’autre; soit loisible à ceux, qui disent les choses. Mais elle ne le peut estre à ceux, qui se disent eux mesmes, comme ie fais, Il faut que i’aille de la plume comme des pieds. La vie commune, doibt auoir conference aux autres vies. La vertu de Caton estoit vigoureuse, outre la raison de son siecle: et à vn homme qui se mesloit de gouuerner les autres, destiné au seruice commun; il se pourroit dire, que c’estoit vne iustice, sinon iniuste, au moins vaine et hors de saison.

    At worst, let this misshapen freedom of presenting oneself in two places, actions one way and words another, be allowed to those who tell of things. But it cannot be allowed to those who tell of themselves, as I do: I must go with my pen as I go on my feet. Life in common must bear some relation to other people’s lives. Cato’s virtue was vigorous beyond the measure of his age. For a man who took it upon himself to govern others, and who was destined for public service, it might be said that his was a justice that was, if not unjust, at least vain and out of season.

    Unfit for public life

    His plain virtue proved useless in public affairs, which demand bending and compromise.

    Mes mœurs mesmes, qui ne desconuiennent de celles, qui courent, à peine de la largeur d’vn poulce, me rendent pourtant aucunement farouche à mon aage, et inassociable. Ie ne sçay pas, si ie me trouue desgouté sans raison, du monde, que ie hante; mais ie sçay bien, que ce seroit sans raison, si ie me plaignoy, qu’il fust desgouté de moy, puis que ie le suis de luy. La vertu assignee aux affaires du monde, est vne vertu à plusieurs plis, encoigneures, et couddes, pour s’appliquer et ioindre à l’humaine foiblesse: meslee et artificielle; non droitte, nette, constante, ny purement innocente. Les annales reprochent iusques à cette heure à quelqu’vn de nos Roys, de s’estre trop simplement laissé aller aux consciencieuses persuasions de son confesseur.

    Even my own ways, which differ from those now current by scarcely the breadth of a thumb, nevertheless make me somewhat aloof from my age, and unsociable. I do not know whether I am disgusted without reason with the world I frequent. But I know well that it would be without reason if I complained that it was disgusted with me, since I am disgusted with it. The virtue assigned to the affairs of the world is a virtue with many folds, corners and elbows, so that it can fit and join itself to human weakness: mixed and artificial, not straight, clean, constant, or purely innocent. The annals still reproach one of our kings to this day for having too simply let himself be led by the conscientious persuasions of his confessor.

    Les affaires d’estat ont des preceptes plus hardis. Exeat aula, / Qui vult esse pius.

    Affairs of state have bolder precepts. Let him leave the court / who wishes to be righteous.

    Lucan, Pharsalia.

    I’ay autresfois essayé d’employer au seruice des maniemens publiques, les opinions et regles de viure, ainsi rudes, neufues, impolies ou impollues, comme ie les ay nées chez moy, ou rapportees de mon institution et desquelles ie me sers, sinon si commodeement au moins seurement en particulier: une vertu scholastique et nouice: ie les y ay trouuees ineptes et dangereuses. Celuy qui va en la presse, il faut qu’il gauchisse, qu’il serre ses couddes, qu’il recule, ou qu’il auance, voire qu’il quitte le droict chemin, selon ce qu’il rencontre. Qu’il viue non tant selon soy, que selon autruy: non selon ce qu’il se propose, mais selon ce qu’on luy propose: selon le temps, selon les hommes, selon les affaires.

    I once tried to employ in the service of public dealings the opinions and rules of living that I had, just as rough, new, unpolished, or unpolluted, as they were when they were born in me or brought back from my upbringing, and which I use in private, if not so conveniently, at least safely: a schoolroom, novice virtue. I found them inept and dangerous there. Whoever goes into a crowd must swerve, keep his elbows in, step back or forward, even leave the straight road, according to what he meets. He must live not so much according to himself as according to others; not according to what he proposes to himself but according to what is proposed to him; according to the times, the men, the business at hand.

    Platon dit, que qui eschappe, brayes nettes, du maniement du monde, c’est par miracle, qu’il en eschappe. Et dit aussi, que quand il ordonne son philosophe chef d’vne police, il n’entend pas le dire d’vne police corrompue, comme celle d’Athenes: et encore bien moins, comme la nostre, enuers lesquelles la sagesse mesme perdroit son Latin. Et vne bonne herbe, transplantee, en solage fort diuers à sa condition, se conforme bien plustost à iceluy, qu’elle ne le reforme à soy. Ie sens que si i’auois à me dresser tout à fait à telles occupations, il m’y faudroit beaucoup de changement et de rabillage. Quand ie pourrois cela sur moy, et pourquoy ne le pourrois ie, auec le temps et le soing? ie ne le voudrois pas.

    Plato says that whoever escapes from managing the world with his breeches clean escapes by a miracle. He also says that when he appoints his philosopher head of a government, he does not mean a corrupt government like that of Athens, and still less one like ours, in the face of which wisdom itself would be at its wits’ end. And a good plant transplanted into soil very different from its nature much sooner conforms itself to the soil than reforms the soil to itself. I feel that if I had to train myself entirely for such occupations, I would need a great deal of change and patching up. Even if I could do that to myself (and why could I not, with time and care?), I would not want to.

    De ce peu que ie me suis essayé en cette vacation; ie m’en suis d’autant degousté. Ie me sens fumer en l’ame par fois, aucunes tentations vers l’ambition: mais ie me bande et obstine au contraire: At tu, Catulle, obstinatus obdura. On ne m’y appelle gueres, et ie m’y conuie aussi peu. La liberté et l’oysiueté, qui sont mes maistresses qualitez, sont qualitez, diametralement contraires à ce mestier là. Nous ne sçauons pas distinguer les facultez des hommes. Elles ont des diuisions, et bornes, mal-aysees à choisir et delicates. De conclurre par la suffisance d’vne vie particuliere, quelque suffisance à l’vsage public, c’est mal conclud.

    From the little I have tried myself in this occupation, I have been all the more disgusted with it. At times I feel some temptations toward ambition smoking up in my soul; but I brace myself and hold out against them: But you, Catullus, be stubborn and hold firm. I am hardly ever called to it, and I invite myself just as little. Freedom and idleness, which are my ruling qualities, are diametrically opposed to that trade. We do not know how to distinguish men’s faculties. They have divisions and boundaries that are delicate and hard to pick out. To infer from ability in private life some ability for public use is to infer badly.

    Catullus, Poems 8.

    Tel se conduict bien, qui ne conduict pas bien les autres: et faict des Essais, qui ne sçauroit faire des effects. Tel dresse bien vn siege, qui dresseroit mal vne bataille: et discourt bien en priué, qui harangueroit mal ou vn peuple ou vn Prince. Voire à l’auanture, est-ce plustost tesmoignage à celuy qui peut l’vn, de ne pouuoir point l’autre, qu’autrement. Ie trouue que les esprits hauts, ne sont de guere moins aptes aux choses basses, que les bas esprits aux hautes. Estoit-il à croire, que Socrates eust appresté aux Atheniens matiere de rire à ses despens, pour n’auoir onques sçeu computer les suffrages de sa tribu, et en faire rapport au conseil?

    One man conducts himself well who does not conduct others well, and produces Essays who could not produce results. One man lays a siege well who would draw up a battle badly, and reasons well in private who would make a bad speech to a people or a prince. Indeed, it is perhaps rather a sign, in a man who can do the one, that he cannot do the other, than the reverse. I find that lofty minds are hardly less unfit for low things than low minds are for lofty ones. Was it to be believed that Socrates gave the Athenians matter for laughter at his expense because he never managed to count the votes of his tribe and report them to the council?

    The story is told in Plato’s Gorgias.

    Certes la veneration, en quoy i’ay les perfections de ce personnage, merite, que sa fortune fournisse à l’excuse de mes principales imperfections, vn si magnifique exemple. Nostre suffisance est detaillee à menues pieces. La mienne n’a point de latitude, et si est chetifue en nombre. Saturninus, à ceux qui luy auoient deferé tout commandement: Compaignons, fit-il, vous auez perdu vn bon capitaine, pour en faire vn mauvais general d’armee.

    Certainly the veneration in which I hold that man’s perfections deserves that his fortune should furnish so magnificent an example to excuse my own principal imperfections. Our ability is cut up into small pieces. Mine has no breadth, and it is paltry in number as well. Saturninus said to those who had conferred all command upon him: “Comrades, you have lost a good captain to make a bad general.”

    Saturninus, a Roman officer proclaimed emperor by his troops in the 3rd century AD, as told in the Augustan History.

    Qui se vante, en vn temps malade, comme cestuy-cy, d’employer au seruice du monde, vne vertu naifue et sincere: ou il ne la cognoist pas, les opinions se corrompans auec les mœurs (de vray, oyez la leur peindre, oyez la pluspart se glorifier de leurs deportemens, et former leurs regles; au lieu de peindre la vertu, ils peignent l’iniustice toute pure et le vice: et la presentent ainsi fauce à l’institution des Princes) ou s’il la cognoist, il se vante à tort: et quoy qu’il die, faict mille choses, dequoy sa conscience l’accuse. Ie croirois volontiers Seneca de l’experience qu’il en fit en pareille occasion, pourueu qu’il m’en voulust parler à cœur ouuert.

    Whoever boasts, in a sick time like this one, of employing a natural and sincere virtue in the world’s service, either does not know what it is, since opinions grow corrupt along with morals (indeed, listen to them describe it, listen to most of them glory in their conduct and lay down their rules: instead of portraying virtue, they portray sheer injustice and vice, and present it thus falsified for the education of princes); or, if he does know it, he boasts wrongly, and whatever he may say, he does a thousand things for which his conscience accuses him. I would gladly take Seneca’s word for the experience he had of it in a similar situation, provided he were willing to speak to me about it with an open heart.

    Seneca was tutor and minister to the emperor Nero.

    La plus honnorable marque de bonté, en vne telle necessité, c’est recognoistre librement sa faute, et celle d’autruy: appuyer et retarder de sa puissance, l’inclination vers le mal: suyure enuis cette pente, mieux esperer et mieux desirer. I’apperçois en ces desmembremens de la France, et diuisions, où nous sommes tombez, chacun se trauailler à deffendre sa cause: mais iusques aux meilleurs, auec desguisement et mensonge. Qui en escriroit rondement, en escriroit temerairement et vitieusement. Le plus iuste party, si est-ce encore le membre d’vn corps vermoulu et vereux. Mais d’vn tel corps, le membre moins malade s’appelle sain: et à bon droit, d’autant que nos qualitez n’ont tiltre qu’en la comparaison. L’innocence ciuile, se mesure selon les lieux et saisons.

    The most honorable mark of goodness in such a necessity is to acknowledge freely one’s own fault and other people’s; to resist and hold back with all one’s power the slide toward evil; to follow that slope reluctantly; to hope better and desire better. In these dismemberments of France and the divisions into which we have fallen, I see everyone laboring to defend his cause, but even the best of them with disguise and lies. Whoever wrote about it frankly would write rashly and wrongly. The most just party is still, even so, a member of a worm-eaten, maggoty body. But in such a body the least diseased member is called healthy, and rightly so, since our qualities have their title only by comparison. Civic innocence is measured according to places and times.

    I’aymerois bien à voir en Xenophon, vne telle loüange d’Agesilaus. Estant prié par vn Prince voisin, auec lequel il auoit autresfois esté en guerre, de le laisser passer en ses terres, il l’octroya: luy donnant passage à trauers le Peloponnese: et non seulement ne l’emprisonna ou empoisonna, le tenant à sa mercy: mais l’accueillit courtoisement, suyuant l’obligation de sa promesse, sans luy faire offence. A ces humeurs là, ce ne seroit rien dire. Ailleurs et en autre temps, il se fera conte de la franchise, et magnanimité d’vne telle action. Ces babouyns capettes s’en fussent moquez. Si peu retire l’innocence Spartaine à la Françoise. Nous ne laissons pas d’auoir des hommes vertueux: mais c’est selon nous.

    I would very much like to see in Xenophon such praise as this of Agesilaus. Being asked by a neighboring prince, with whom he had once been at war, to let him pass through his lands, he granted it, giving him passage across the Peloponnese; and not only did he not imprison or poison him when he had him at his mercy, but he received him courteously, in keeping with the obligation of his promise, without doing him any harm. To people of that temperament this would be saying nothing. Elsewhere and in another time, the frankness and magnanimity of such an action will be made much of. Those caped baboons would have laughed at it. So little does Spartan innocence resemble French. We do not lack virtuous men; but they are virtuous by our standards.

    Xenophon wrote a eulogy of Agesilaus. “Capettes” were the poor students of the Collège de Montaigu in Paris, named for their short capes.

    Qui a ses mœurs establies en reglement au dessus de son siecle: ou qu’il torde, et émousse ses regles: ou, ce que ie luy conseille plustost, qu’il se retire à quartier, et ne se mesle point de nous. Qu’y gaigneroit-il? Egregium sanctúmque virum si cerno, bimembri / Hoc monstrum puero, et miranti iam sub aratro / Piscibus inuentis, et fœtæ comparo mulæ. On peut regretter les meilleurs temps: mais non pas fuyr aux presens: on peut desirer autres magistrats, mais il faut ce nonobstant, obeyr à ceux icy. Et à l’aduanture y a il plus de recommendation d’obeyr aux mauuais, qu’aux bons. Autant que l’image des loix receuës, et anciennes de cette monarchie, reluyra en quelque coin, m’y voila planté.

    Whoever has his ways settled by a rule above his age, let him either twist and blunt his rules, or (what I would rather advise him) withdraw to one side and not meddle with us. What would he gain by it? If I see a man outstanding and holy, I compare this prodigy / to a two-bodied child, to fish turned up beneath the startled / plow, and to a mule in foal. One may regret better times, but not flee the present ones; one may wish for other magistrates, but one must nonetheless obey these. And perhaps there is more merit in obeying the bad than the good. As long as the image of the received and ancient laws of this monarchy shines in some corner, there I stand planted.

    Juvenal, Satires XIII.

    Si elles viennent par malheur, à se contredire, et empescher entr’elles, et produire deux parts, de chois doubteux, et difficile: mon election sera volontiers, d’eschapper, et me desrober à cette tempeste. Nature m’y pourra prester ce pendant la main: ou les hazards de la guerre. Entre Cæsar et Pompeius, ie me fusse franchement declaré. Mais entre ces trois voleurs, qui vindrent depuis, ou il eust fallu se cacher, ou suyure le vent. Ce que i’estime loisible, quand la raison ne guide plus. Quo diuersus abis? Cette farcisseure, est vn peu hors de mon theme. Ie m’esgare: mais plustost par licence, que par mesgarde. Mes fantasies se suyuent: mais par fois c’est de loing: et se regardent, mais d’vne veuë oblique.

    If by misfortune they come to contradict and obstruct one another, and to produce two sides with a doubtful and difficult choice between them, my choice will readily be to escape and steal away from that storm. Nature may lend me a hand in the meantime, or the hazards of war. Between Caesar and Pompey I would have declared myself openly. But among those three robbers who came after, one would have had either to hide or to follow the wind. Which I consider permissible when reason no longer guides. Where are you wandering off to? This stuffing is a little off my theme. I stray, but rather by license than by inadvertence. My notions follow one another, but sometimes from far off; and they look at each other, but with a sidelong glance.

    The three robbers are Octavian, Antony and Lepidus, the Second Triumvirate (43 BC). The Latin is from Virgil, Aeneid V.

    On my wandering style

    Like Plato and Plutarch he lets his matter wander; the careless reader, not he, loses the thread.

    I’ay passé les yeux sur tel dialogue de Platon: mi party d’vne fantastique bigarrure: le deuant à l’amour, tout le bas à la rhetorique. Ils ne craignent point ces muances: et ont vne merueilleuse grace à se laisser ainsi rouller au vent: ou à le sembler. Les noms de mes chapitres n’en embrassent pas tousiours la matiere: souuent ils la denotent seulement, par quelque marque: comme ces autres l’Andrie, l’Eunuche; ou ceux cy, Sylla, Cicero, Torquatus. I’ayme l’alleure poëtique, à sauts et à gambades. C’est vn art, comme dit Platon, leger, volage, demoniacle. Il est des ouurages en Plutarque, où il oublie son theme, où le propos de son argument ne se trouue que par incident, tout estouffé en matiere estrangere.

    I have glanced through a certain dialogue of Plato’s, split into a fantastic motley: the front part about love, the whole lower part about rhetoric. They are not afraid of these changes, and have a marvelous grace in letting themselves be rolled along by the wind like that, or in seeming to. The titles of my chapters do not always embrace their matter; often they only indicate it by some token, like those other titles, the Andria, the Eunuch, or these: Sulla, Cicero, Torquatus. I love the poetic gait, all leaps and gambols. It is an art, as Plato says, light, flighty, daemonic. There are works in Plutarch where he forgets his theme, where the subject of his argument turns up only incidentally, all smothered in foreign matter.

    The dialogue is the Phaedrus; the Andria and the Eunuch are comedies by Terence.

    Voyez ses alleures au Dæmon de Socrates. O Dieu, que ces gaillardes escapades, que cette variation a de beauté: et plus lors, que plus elle retire au nonchalant et fortuit! C’est l’indiligent lecteur, qui perd mon subiect; non pas moy. Il s’en trouuera tousiours en vn coing quelque mot, qui ne laisse pas d’estre bastant, quoy qu’il soit serré. Ie vois au change, indiscrettement et tumultuairement: mon stile, et mon esprit, vont vagabondant de mesmes. Il faut auoir vn peu de folie, qui ne veut auoir plus de sottise: disent, et les preceptes de nos maistres, et encores plus leurs exemples.

    Look at his ways in The Daemon of Socrates. O God, what beauty there is in these lively escapades, this variation, and all the more the more careless and fortuitous it seems! It is the inattentive reader who loses my subject, not I. There will always be some word about it in a corner, which is still sufficient, though it is tightly packed. I go off on a fresh scent indiscriminately and tumultuously; my style and my mind go wandering alike. A man must have a little folly if he does not want to have more stupidity: so say the precepts of our masters, and still more their examples.

    A dialogue by Plutarch.

    Mille poëtes trainent et languissent à la prosaïque, mais la meilleure prose ancienne, et ie la seme ceans indifferemment pour vers, reluit par tout, de la vigueur et hardiesse poëtique, et represente quelque air de sa fureur. Il luy faut certes quitter la maistrise, et preeminence en la parlerie. Le poëte, dit Platon, assis sur le trepied des Muses, verse de furie, tout ce qui luy vient en la bouche: comme la gargouïlle d’vne fontaine, sans le ruminer et poiser: et luy eschappe des choses, de diuerse couleur, de contraire substance, et d’vn cours rompu. Et la vieille theologie est toute poësie, disent les sçauants, et la premiere philosophie. C’est l’originel langage des Dieux. I’entends que la matiere se distingue soy-mesmes.

    A thousand poets drag along and languish in a prosaic way; but the best ancient prose (and I sow it here indiscriminately as if it were verse) shines everywhere with poetic vigor and boldness, and conveys some air of poetry’s frenzy. We must certainly concede to poetry mastery and preeminence in speech. The poet, says Plato, seated on the tripod of the Muses, pours out in a frenzy whatever comes into his mouth, like the spout of a fountain, without chewing it over or weighing it; and things escape him of different colors, of contrary substance, and in a broken flow. And the old theology is all poetry, say the learned, and so was the first philosophy. It is the original language of the gods. I intend my matter to mark its own divisions.

    Elle montre assez où elle se change, où elle conclud, où elle commence, où elle se reprend: sans l’entrelasser de parolles, de liaison, et de cousture, introduictes pour le seruice des oreilles foibles, ou nonchallantes: et sans me gloser moy-mesme. Qui est celuy, qui n’ayme mieux n’estre pas leu, que de l’estre en dormant ou en fuyant? Nihil est tam vtile, quod in transitu prosit. Si prendre des liures, estoit les apprendre: et si les veoir, estoit les regarder: et les parcourir, les saisir, i’auroy tort de me faire du tout si ignorant que ie dy. Puisque ie ne puis arrester l’attention du lecteur par le poix: manco male, s’il aduient que ie l’arreste par mon embrouïlleure.

    It shows clearly enough where it changes, where it concludes, where it begins, where it resumes, without my interlacing it with words of linkage and stitching brought in for the benefit of weak or careless ears, and without my glossing myself. Who would not rather not be read at all than be read by someone dozing or hurrying off? Nothing is so useful that it can be of profit in passing. If taking up books were taking them in, and seeing them were looking at them, and running through them were grasping them, I would be wrong to make myself out quite as ignorant as I say. Since I cannot hold the reader’s attention by weight, it is not so bad if I happen to hold it by my muddle.

    Seneca, Letters to Lucilius.

    Voire mais, il se repentira par apres, de s’y estre amusé. C’est mon: mais il s’y sera tousiours amusé. Et puis il est des humeurs comme cela, à qui l’intelligence porte desdain: qui m’en estimeront mieux de ce qu’ils ne sçauront ce que ie dis: ils conclurront la profondeur de mon sens, par l’obscurité. Laquelle à parler en bon escient, ie hay bien fort: et l’euiterois, si ie me sçauois euiter. Aristote se vante en quelque lieu, de l’affecter. Vitieuse affectation.

    “Yes, but he will be sorry afterward that he spent his time on it.” Quite so; but he will have spent his time on it all the same. And then there are temperaments of that kind, for whom understanding brings disdain, who will think the better of me for not knowing what I am saying: they will infer the depth of my meaning from its obscurity. Obscurity, to speak in earnest, I hate very much, and I would avoid it if I knew how to avoid myself. Aristotle boasts somewhere of affecting it. A vicious affectation.

    Par ce que la coupure si frequente des chapitres, dequoy i’vsoy au commencement, m’a semblé rompre l’attention auant qu’elle soit née, et la dissoudre: dedaignant s’y coucher pour si peu, et se recueillir: ie me suis mis à les faire plus longs: qui requierent de la proposition et du loisir assigné. En telle occupation, à qui on ne veut donner vne seule heure, on ne veut rien donner. Et ne fait on rien pour celuy, pour qui on ne fait, qu’autre chose faisant. Ioint, qu’à l’aduenture ay-ie quelque obligation particuliere, à ne dire qu’à demy, à dire confusement, à dire discordamment. Ie veux donq mal à cette raison trouble-feste.

    Because the very frequent cutting up of chapters that I practiced at the start seemed to me to break attention before it was born and to dissolve it, since it disdains to settle down for so little and collect itself, I have taken to making them longer, so that they require purpose and leisure set aside for them. In such an occupation, if you will not give it a single hour, you will not give it anything. And you do nothing for someone for whom you do something only while doing something else. Besides, perhaps I have some particular obligation to say things only by halves, to say them confusedly, to say them discordantly. So I bear a grudge against this killjoy reason.

    Et ces proiects extrauagants qui trauaillent la vie, et ces opinions si fines, si elles ont de la verité; ie la trouue trop chere et trop incommode. Au rebours: ie m’employe à faire valoir la vanité mesme, et l’asnerie, si elle m’apporte du plaisir. Et me laisse aller apres mes inclinations naturelles sans les contreroller de si pres.

    And as for these extravagant projects that torment our lives, and these very subtle opinions, if they have truth in them, I find it too costly and too inconvenient. On the contrary, I make it my business to give value to vanity itself, and to asininity, if it brings me pleasure. And I let myself follow my natural inclinations without checking them so closely.

    Love of ancient Rome

    Montaigne explains his devotion to Rome and copies out the bull making him a Roman citizen.

    I’ay veu ailleurs des maisons ruynées, et des statues, et du ciel et de la terre: ce sont tousiours des hommes. Tout cela est vray: et si pourtant ne sçauroy reuoir si souuent le tombeau de cette ville, si grande, et si puissante, que ie ne l’admire et reuere. Le soing des morts nous est en recommandation. Or i’ay esté nourry des mon enfance, auec ceux icy. I’ay eu cognoissance des affaires de Rome, longtemps auant que ie l’ay euë de ceux de ma maison. Ie sçauois le Capitole et son plant, auant que ie sceusse le Louure: et le Tibre auant la Seine. J’ay eu plus en teste, les conditions et fortunes de Lucullus, Metellus, et Scipion, que ie n’ay d’aucuns hommes des nostres.

    I have seen ruined houses elsewhere, and statues, and sky and earth: it is always just men. All that is true; and yet, however often I revisit the tomb of that city, so great and so mighty, I cannot help admiring and revering it. The care of the dead is commended to us. Now I have been brought up from childhood with these people. I knew the affairs of Rome long before I knew those of my own house. I knew the Capitol and its layout before I knew the Louvre, and the Tiber before the Seine. I have had the circumstances and fortunes of Lucullus, Metellus and Scipio more in my head than those of any men of our own time.

    Ils sont tres passez. Si est bien mon pere: aussi entierement qu’eux: et s’est esloigné de moy, et de la vie, autant en dixhuict ans, que ceux-là ont faict en seize cens: duquel pourtant ie ne laisse pas d’embrasser et practiquer la memoire, l’amitié et societé, d’vne parfaicte vnion et tres-viue. Voire, de mon humeur, ie me rends plus officieux enuers les trespassez. Ils ne s’aydent plus, ils en requierent ce me semble d’autant plus mon ayde. La gratitude est là, iustement en son lustre. Le bien-faict est moins richement assigné, où il y a retrogradation, et reflexion. Arcesilaus visitant Ctesibius malade, et le trouuant en pauure estat, luy fourra tout bellement soubs le cheuet du lict, de l’argent qu’il luy donnoit.

    They are long dead. So too is my father, as completely as they; and he has gone as far from me and from life in eighteen years as they have in sixteen hundred. Yet I do not cease to embrace and cultivate his memory, his friendship and his company, in a perfect and very lively union. Indeed, by temperament I make myself more serviceable to the dead. They can no longer help themselves; so, it seems to me, they need my help all the more. That is where gratitude is in its true luster. A benefit is less richly placed where it comes back and is returned. Arcesilaus, visiting Ctesibius when he was ill and finding him in a poor state, quietly slipped under his pillow the money he was giving him.

    Montaigne’s father died in 1568.

    Et en le luy celant, luy donnoit en outre, quittance de luy en sçauoir gré. Ceux qui ont merité de moy, de l’amitié et de la recognoissance, ne l’ont iamais perdue pour n’y estre plus: ie les ay mieux payez, et plus soigneusement, absens et ignorans. Ie parle plus affectueusement de mes amis, quand il n’y a plus de moyen qu’ils le sçachent. Or i’ay attaqué cent querelles pour la deffence de Pompeius, et pour la cause de Brutus. Cette accointance dure encore entre nous. Les choses presentes mesmes, nous ne les tenons que par la fantasie. Me trouuant inutile à ce siecle ie me reiecte à cet autre.

    And by hiding it from him, he also gave him a release from having to be grateful for it. Those who have earned friendship and gratitude from me have never lost them by no longer being here: I have repaid them better and more carefully when they were absent and unaware. I speak more affectionately of my friends when there is no longer any way for them to know it. Now I have taken up a hundred quarrels in defense of Pompey and for the cause of Brutus. That acquaintance between us still lasts. Even present things we hold only by imagination. Finding myself useless to this age, I throw myself back on that other one.

    Et en suis si embabouyné, que l’estat de cette vieille Rome, libre, iuste, et florissante, car ie n’en ayme, ny la naissance, ny la vieillesse, m’interesse et me passionne. Parquoy ie ne sçauroy reuoir si souuent, l’assiette de leurs rues, et de leurs maisons, et ces ruynes profondes iusques aux Antipodes, que ie ne m’y amuse. Est-ce par nature, ou par erreur de fantasie, que la veuë des places, que nous sçauons auoir esté hantées et habitées par personnes, desquelles la memoire est en recommendation, nous emeut aucunement plus, qu’ouïr le recit de leurs faicts, ou lire leurs escrits? *Tanta vis admonitionis inest in locis!

    And I am so besotted with it that the condition of that old Rome, free, just and flourishing (for I love neither its birth nor its old age), interests me and stirs my passion. And so, however often I revisit the site of their streets and their houses, and those ruins that reach down to the Antipodes, I cannot help lingering over them. Is it by nature, or by an error of imagination, that the sight of places we know to have been frequented and inhabited by people whose memory is held in esteem moves us somewhat more than hearing the account of their deeds or reading their writings? *Such is the power of association that lies in places!

    Cicero, On Ends V.

    Et id quidem in hac vrbe infinitum: quacumque enim ingredimur, in aliquam historiam vestigium ponimus. Il me plaist de considerer leur visage, leur port, et leurs vestements. Ie remasche ces grands noms entre les dents, et les fais retentir à mes oreilles. Ego illos veneror, et tantis nominibus semper assurgo.* Des choses qui sont en quelque partie grandes et admirables, i’en admire les parties mesmes communes. Ie les visse volontiers deuiser, promener, et soupper. Ce seroit ingratitude, de mespriser les reliques, et images de tant d’honnestes hommes, et si valeureux lesquels i’ay veu viure et mourir: et qui nous donnent tant de bonnes instructions par leur exemple, si nous les sçauions suyure.

    And in this city it is infinite: wherever we walk, we set our foot on some piece of history. I like to consider their faces, their bearing and their clothes. I chew those great names over between my teeth and make them ring in my ears. I venerate them, and always rise to my feet at such great names.* Of things that are in some part great and admirable, I admire even the common parts. I would gladly see these men converse, walk and dine. It would be ingratitude to despise the relics and images of so many decent and valiant men, whom I have seen live and die, and who give us so many good lessons by their example, if only we knew how to follow it.

    Seneca, Letters to Lucilius.

    Et puis cette mesme Rome que nous voyons, merite qu’on l’ayme. Confederée de si long temps, et par tant de tiltres, à nostre couronne. Seule ville commune, et vniuerselle. Le magistrat souuerain qui y commande, est recognu pareillement ailleurs: c’est la ville metropolitaine de toutes les nations Chrestiennes. L’Espaignol et le François, chacun y est chez soy. Pour estre des Princes de cet estat, il ne faut qu’estre de Chrestienté, où qu’elle soit. Il n’est lieu çà bas, que le ciel ayt embrassé auec telle influence de faueur, et telle constance. Sa ruyne mesme est glorieuse et enflée. Laudandis preciosior ruinis. Encore retient elle au tombeau des marques et image d’empire.

    And then this same Rome that we see deserves to be loved: allied for so long and by so many titles to our crown; the only common and universal city. The sovereign magistrate who commands there is recognized elsewhere as well: it is the metropolitan city of all Christian nations. Spaniard and Frenchman, each is at home there. To be one of the princes of that state, one need only belong to Christendom, wherever it may be. There is no place here below that heaven has embraced with such an influence of favor and such constancy. Even its ruin is glorious and grand. All the more precious for its praiseworthy ruins. Even in the tomb it still keeps marks and images of empire.

    Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems.

    Vt palam sit vno in loco gaudentis opus esse naturæ. Quelqu’vn se blasmeroit, et se mutineroit en soy-mesme, de se sentir chatouïller d’vn si vain plaisir. Nos humeurs ne sont pas trop vaines, qui sont plaisantes. Quelles qu’elles soyent qui contentent constamment vn homme capable de sens commun, ie ne sçaurois auoir le cœur de le plaindre.

    So that it is plain that in this one place nature has delighted in her own work. Some might blame themselves, and rebel inwardly, at feeling tickled by so vain a pleasure. Our fancies are not too vain if they give us pleasure. Whatever they may be, if they constantly satisfy a man capable of common sense, I could not have the heart to pity him.

    Pliny the Elder, Natural History III.

    Ie doibs beaucoup à la Fortune, dequoy iusques à cette heure, elle n’a rien fait contre moy d’outrageux au delà de ma portée. Seroit ce pas sa façon, de laisser en paix, ceux de qui elle n’est point importunée? Quanto quisque sibi plura negauerit, / A Diis plura feret: nil cupientium / Nudus castra peto: multa petentibus, / Desunt multa. Si elle continue, elle me r’enuoyera tres-content et satisfaict, Nihil supra / Deos lacesso. Mais gare le heurt. Il en est mille qui rompent au port. Ie me console aiséement, de ce qui aduiendra icy, quand ie n’y seray plus.

    I owe much to Fortune, in that up to now she has done nothing outrageous against me beyond what I can bear. Might it not be her way to leave in peace those who do not pester her? The more a man denies himself, / the more he will receive from the gods. Stripped bare, I seek / the camp of those who desire nothing; those who ask for much / lack much. If she goes on like this, she will send me off well content and satisfied. I importune the gods / for nothing more. But beware the crash. There are a thousand who are wrecked in port. I console myself easily for what will happen here when I am no longer here.

    Horace, Odes III.16 and II.18.

    Les choses presentes m’embesongnent assez, Fortunæ cætera mando. Aussi n’ay-ie point cette forte liaison, qu’on dit attacher les hommes à l’aduenir, par les enfans qui portent leur nom, et leur honneur. Et en doibs desirer à l’auanture d’autant moins, s’ils sont si desirables. Ie ne tiens que trop au monde, et à cette vie par moy-mesme. Ie me contente d’estre en prise de la Fortune, par les circonstances proprement necessaires à mon estre, sans luy alonger par ailleurs sa iurisdiction sur moy. Et n’ay iamais estimé qu’estre sans enfans, fust vn defaut qui deust rendre la vie moins complete, et moins contente. La vacation sterile, a bien aussi ses commoditez.

    Present things keep me busy enough: The rest I leave to Fortune. Nor do I have that strong bond that is said to attach men to the future through children who bear their name and their honor. And perhaps I should wish for them all the less if they are so desirable. I am attached only too much to the world and to this life by myself. I am content to be in Fortune’s grip through the circumstances strictly necessary to my existence, without extending her jurisdiction over me in other ways. And I have never thought that being without children was a defect that should make life less complete and less contented. The sterile state has its advantages too.

    Ovid, Metamorphoses II.

    Les enfans sont du nombre des choses, qui n’ont pas fort dequoy estre desirées, notamment à cette heure, qu’il seroit si difficile de les rendre bons. Bona iam nec nasci licet, ita corrupta sunt semina. Et si ont iustement dequoy estre regrettées, à qui les perd, apres les auoir acquises.

    Children are among the things that have little to make them desirable, especially at this time, when it would be so difficult to make them good. Nothing good can even be born now, so corrupted are the seeds. And yet they give just cause for regret to those who lose them after having had them.

    Tertullian.

    Celuy qui me laissa ma maison en charge, prognostiquoit que ie la deusse ruyner, regardant à mon humeur, si peu casaniere. Il se trompa; me voicy comme i’y entray: sinon vn peu mieux. Sans office pourtant et sans benefice. Au demeurant, si la Fortune ne m’a faict aucune offence violente, et extraordinaire, aussi n’a-elle pas de grace. Tout ce qu’il y a de ses dons chez nous, il y est auant moy, et au delà de cent ans. Ie n’ay particulierement aucun bien essentiel, et solide, que ie doiue à sa liberalité. Elle m’a faict quelques faueurs venteuses, honnoraires, et titulaires, sans substance. Et me les a aussi à la verité, non pas accordées, mais offertes.

    The man who left my house in my charge predicted that I would ruin it, considering my temperament, so little inclined to stay at home. He was wrong: here I am as I was when I came into it, if not a little better off. Without office, however, and without benefice. As for the rest, if Fortune has done me no violent and extraordinary injury, neither has she done me any favor. Whatever there is of her gifts in our house was there before me, and more than a hundred years before. I have no essential and solid good of my own that I owe to her liberality. She has done me some windy favors, honorary and titular, without substance. And in truth she has not granted them to me but offered them;

    That is, his father.

    Dieu sçait, à moy: qui suis tout materiel, qui ne me paye que de la realité, encores bien massiue: et qui, si ie l’osois confesser, ne trouuerois l’auarice, guere moins excusable que l’ambition: ny la douleur, moins euitable que la honte: ny la santé, moins desirable que la doctrine: ou la richesse, que la noblesse.

    offered them, God knows, to me, who am entirely material, who will be paid only in reality, and pretty solid reality at that; and who, if I dared confess it, would find avarice hardly less excusable than ambition, nor pain less to be avoided than shame, nor health less desirable than learning, or wealth than nobility.

    Parmy ses faueurs vaines, ie n’en ay point qui plaise tant à cette niaise humeur, qui s’en paist chez moy, qu’vne bulle authentique de bourgeoisie Romaine: qui me fut octroyée dernierement que i’y estois, pompeuse en seaux, et lettres dorées: et octroyée auec toute gratieuse liberalité. Et par ce qu’elles se donnent en diuers stile, plus ou moins fauorable: et qu’auant que i’en eusse veu, i’eusse esté bien aise, qu’on m’en eust montré vn formulaire: ie veux, pour satisfaire à quelqu’vn, s’il s’en trouue malade de pareille curiosité à la mienne, la transcrire icy en sa forme. Quod Horatius Maximus, Martius Cecius, Alexander Mutus, almæ

    Among her vain favors there is none that so pleases that silly temperament in me which feeds on them as an authentic bull of Roman citizenship, which was granted me when I was last there, pompous with seals and gilt lettering, and granted with all gracious liberality. And because these are issued in different styles, more or less favorable, and because before I had seen one I would have been glad to be shown a specimen, I want, to satisfy anyone who may be sick with a curiosity like mine, to transcribe it here in its exact form. As to the report that Horatius Maximus, Martius Cecius and Alexander Mutus, Conservators of the bountiful

    The Latin of the bull is given here in English.

    *vrbis conseruatores de Illustrissimo viro Michaèle Montano equite sancti Michaèlis, et à cubiculo Regis Christianissimi, Romana Ciuitate donando, ad Senatum retulerunt, S. P. Q. R. de ea re ita fieri censuit. CVM, veteri more et instituto, cupidè illi semper studioséque suscepti sint, qui, virtute ac nobilitate præstantes, magno Reip. nostræ vsui atque ornamento fuissent, vel esse aliquando possent: Nos, maiorum nostrorum exemplo atque auctoritate permoti, præclaram hanc consuetudinem nobis imitandam ac seruandam fore censemus. Quamobrem cum Illustrissimus Michaèl Montanus, Eques sancti Michaèlis, et a cubiculo Regis Christianissimi Romani nominis studiosissimus, et familiæ laude atque splendore et propriis virtutum meritis dignissimus sit, qui summo Senatus Populique Romani iudicio ac studio in Romanam Ciuitatem adsciscatur; placere Senatui P. Q. R.

    *City, made to the Senate concerning the conferring of Roman citizenship on the most illustrious Michel de Montaigne, Knight of the Order of Saint Michael and Gentleman of the Chamber of the Most Christian King, the Senate and People of Rome decreed on this matter as follows. WHEREAS, by ancient custom and practice, those who, excelling in virtue and nobility, had been or might one day be of great use and ornament to our Republic, have always been eagerly and zealously welcomed among us, We, moved by the example and authority of our ancestors, decree that this noble custom ought to be imitated and preserved by us. Therefore, since the most illustrious Michel de Montaigne, Knight of Saint Michael and Gentleman of the Chamber of the Most Christian King, most devoted to the Roman name, is, by the renown and splendor of his family and by the merits of his own virtues, most worthy to be admitted into Roman citizenship by the supreme judgment and favor of the Senate and People of Rome, it pleases the Senate and People of Rome

    Illustrissimum Michaèlem Montanum rebus omnibus ornatissimum, atque huic inclyto populo charissimum, ipsum posterosque in Romanam Ciuitatem adscribi, ornarique omnibus et præmiis et honoribus, quibus illi fruuntur, qui Ciues Patriciique Romani nati aut iure optimo facti sunt. In quo censere Senatum P. Q. R. se non tam illi Ius Ciuitatis largiri quàm debitum tribuere, neque magis beneficium dare quám ab ipso accipere, qui hoc Ciuitatis munere accipiendo, singulari Ciuitatem ipsam ornamento atque honore affecerit. Quam quidem S. C. auctoritatem iidem Conseruatores per Senatus P. Q. R. scribas in acta referri atque in Capitolij curia seruari, priuilegiumque huiusmodi fieri, solitoque vrbis sigillo communiri curarunt. Anno ab vrbe condita CXƆCCCXXXI, post Christum natum M. D. LXXXI. III. Idus Martij. Horatius Fuscus sacri S. P. Q. R. scriba.

    that the most illustrious Michel de Montaigne, adorned with every distinction and most dear to this renowned people, be enrolled, himself and his descendants, in Roman citizenship, and be graced with all the rewards and honors enjoyed by those who were born citizens and patricians of Rome or were made so by the best of rights. In which the Senate and People of Rome consider that they are not so much bestowing the right of citizenship on him as paying what is due, nor so much conferring a favor as receiving one from him, who, by accepting this gift of citizenship, has conferred singular distinction and honor upon the City itself. The said Conservators have caused this decree of the Senate to be entered in the records by the clerks of the Senate and People of Rome and kept in the Senate house of the Capitol, and this charter to be drawn up and sealed with the customary seal of the City. In the year 2331 from the founding of the City, 1581 after the birth of Christ, on the third day before the Ides of March. Horatius Fuscus, clerk of the sacred Senate and People of Rome.

    That is, 13 March 1581.

    / Vincent. Martholus sacri S. P. Q. R. scriba.*

    / Vincentius Martholus, clerk of the sacred Senate and People of Rome.*

    N’estant bourgeois d’aucune ville, ie suis bien aise de l’estre de la plus noble qui fut et qui sera onques. Si les autres se regardoient attentiuement, comme ie fay, ils se trouueroient comme ie fay, pleins d’inanité et de fadaise. De m’en deffaire, ie ne puis, sans me deffaire moy-mesmes. Nous en sommes tous confits, tant les vns que les autres. Mais ceux qui le sentent, en ont vn peu meilleur compte: encore ne sçay-ie.

    Not being a citizen of any city, I am very glad to be a citizen of the noblest city that ever was or ever will be. If others looked at themselves attentively, as I do, they would find themselves, as I do, full of inanity and nonsense. I cannot get rid of it without getting rid of myself. We are all steeped in it, one as much as another. But those who are aware of it are a little better off—and yet I do not know.

    Look into yourself

    The Delphic command turns our gaze inward, where we find only emptiness and vanity.

    Cette opinion et vsance commune, de regarder ailleurs qu’à nous, a bien pourueu à nostre affaire. C’est vn obiect plein de mescontentement. Nous n’y voyons que misere et vanité. Pour ne nous desconforter, Nature a reietté bien à propos, l’action de nostre veuë, au dehors. Nous allons en auant à vau l’eau, mais de rebrousser vers nous, nostre course, c’est vn mouuement penible: la mer se brouille et s’empesche ainsi, quand elle est repoussée à soy. Regardez, dict chacun, les branles du ciel: regardez au public: à la querelle de cestuy-là: au pouls d’vn tel: au testament de cet autre: somme regardez tousiours haut ou bas, ou à costé, ou deuant, ou derriere vous.

    This common opinion and practice of looking elsewhere than at ourselves has served our turn well. We are an object full of discontent; we see in it nothing but misery and vanity. So as not to dishearten us, Nature has very aptly thrown the action of our sight outward. We go forward with the current; but to turn our course back toward ourselves is a painful movement: the sea too grows turbid and churns when it is driven back on itself. Look, says everyone, at the motions of the heavens; look at public affairs, at this man’s quarrel, at that man’s pulse, at that other man’s will; in short, always look up or down, or to the side, or in front of you, or behind you.

    C’estoit vn commandement paradoxe, que nous faisoit anciennement ce Dieu à Delphes: Regardez dans vous, recognoissez vous, tenez vous à vous. Vostre esprit, et vostre volonté, qui se consomme ailleurs, ramenez la en soy: vous vous escoulez, vous vous respandez: appilez vous, soustenez vous: on vous trahit, on vous dissipe, on vous desrobe à vous. Voy tu pas, que ce monde tient toutes ses veuës contraintes au dedans, et ses yeux ouuerts à se contempler soy-mesme? C’est tousiours vanité pour toy, dedans et dehors: mais elle est moins vanité, quand elle est moins estendue. Sauf toy, ô homme, disoit ce Dieu, chasque chose s’estudie la premiere, et a selon son besoin, des limites à ses trauaux et desirs.

    It was a paradoxical command that the god at Delphi gave us long ago: Look into yourselves, know yourselves, keep to yourselves. Bring back into itself your mind and your will, which are being spent elsewhere; you are draining away, you are scattering yourselves; gather yourselves together, hold yourselves up; you are being betrayed, dispersed, stolen from yourselves. Do you not see that this world keeps its gaze all turned inward, and its eyes open to contemplate itself? It is always vanity for you, within and without; but it is less vanity when it is less extended. Except for you, O man, said that god, each thing studies itself first, and has, according to its need, limits to its labors and desires.

    “Know yourself” was inscribed on Apollo’s temple at Delphi.

    Il n’en est vne seule si vuide et necessiteuse que toy, qui embrasses l’vniuers. Tu és le scrutateur sans cognoissance: le magistrat sans iuridiction: et apres tout, le badin de la farce.

    There is not one so empty and needy as you, who embrace the universe. You are the investigator without knowledge, the magistrate without jurisdiction, and, when all is said and done, the clown in the farce.