Τὸ καλόν ἐστι μὲν ἐν ὄψει πλεῖστον, ἐστι δ’ ἐν ἀκοαῖς κατά τε λόγων συνθέσεις καὶ ἐν μουσικῇ ἁπάσῃ· καὶ γὰρ μέλη καὶ ῥυθμοί εἰσι καλοί· ἔστι δὲ καὶ προιοῦσι πρὸς τὸ ἄνω ἀπὸ τῆς αἰσθήσεως καὶ ἐπιτηδεύματα καλὰ καὶ πράξεις καὶ ἕξεις καὶ ἐπιστῆμαί τε καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀρετῶν κάλλος. εἰ δέ τι καὶ πρὸ τούτων, αὐτὸ δείξει. τί οὖν δὴ τὸ πεποιηκὸς καὶ τὰ σώματα καλὰ φαντάζεσθαι καὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν ἐπινεύειν ταῖς φωναῖς, ὡς καλαῖς; καὶ ὅσα ἐφεξῆς ψυχῆς ἔχεται, πῶς ποτε πάντα καλά; καὶ ἆρά γε ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ καλὰ τὰ πάντα, ἢ ἄλλο μὲν ἐν σώματι (τὸ) κάλλος, ἄλλο δὲ ἐν ἄλλῳ; καὶ τίνα ποτὲ ταῦτα ἢ τοῦτο;
Beauty is found mostly in sight, but it is also found in hearing, in combinations of words and in all music; for melodies and rhythms are beautiful too. And for those who advance upward from perception there are also beautiful ways of life, actions, characters and branches of knowledge, and the beauty of the virtues. Whether there is anything prior to these as well, that will show itself. What is it, then, that makes bodies appear beautiful, and makes hearing assent to sounds as beautiful? And the things that come next and depend on soul—how are they all beautiful? Is it by one and the same thing that all are beautiful, or is beauty in a body one thing and beauty in something else another? And what are these, or this?
τὰ μὲν γὰρ οὐ παρ’ αὐτῶν τῶν ὑποκειμένων καλά, οἷον τὰ σώματα, ἀλλὰ μεθέξει, τὰ δὲ καλὰ αὐτά, ὥσπερ ἀρετῆς ἡ φύσις. σώματα μὲν γὰρ τὰ αὐτὰ ὁτὲ μὲν καλά, ὁτὲ δὲ οὐ καλὰ φαίνεται, ὡς ἄλλου ὄντος τοῦ σώματα εἶναι, ἄλλου δὲ τοῦ καλά. τί οὖν ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ παρὸν τοῖς σώμασι; πρῶτον γὰρ περὶ τούτου σκεπτέον. τί οὖν ἐστιν, ὃ κινεῖ τὰς ὄψεις τῶν θεωμένων καὶ ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς αὑτὸ καὶ ἕλκει καὶ εὐφραίνεσθαι τῇ θέᾳ ποιεῖ; τοῦτο γὰρ εὑρόντες τάχ’ ἂν ἐπιβάθρᾳ αὐτῷ χρώμενοι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα θεασαίμεθα.
Some things, bodies for instance, are beautiful not by virtue of what underlies them but by participation; others are beautiful in themselves, as the nature of virtue is. For the same bodies appear beautiful at one time and not beautiful at another, as though being bodies were one thing and being beautiful another. What, then, is this thing that is present in bodies? This is what we must examine first. What is it that moves the eyes of those who look, turns them toward itself, draws them on, and makes them delight in the vision? If we find this, we might perhaps use it as a stepping-stone and view the rest as well.
λέγεται μὲν δὴ παρὰ πάντων, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ὡς συμμετρία τῶν μερῶν πρὸς ἄλληλα καὶ πρὸς τὸ ὅλον τό τε τῆς εὐχροίας προστεθὲν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν κάλλος ποιεῖ καὶ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς καὶ ὅλως τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσι τὸ καλοῖς εἶναι τὸ συμμέτροις καὶ μεμετρημένοις ὑπάρχειν· οἷς ἁπλοῦν οὐδέν, μόνον δὲ τὸ σύνθετον ἐξ ἀνάγκης καλὸν ὑπάρξει· τό τε ὅλον ἔσται καλὸν αὐτοῖς, τὰ δὲ μέρη ἕκαστα οὐχ ἕξει παρ’ ἑαυτῶν τὸ καλὰ εἶναι, πρὸς δὲ τὸ ὅλον συντελοῦντα, ἵνα καλὸν ᾖ· καίτοι δεῖ, εἴπερ [τὸ] ὅλον, καὶ τὰ μέρη καλὰ εἶναι· οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἐξ αἰσχρῶν, ἀλλὰ πάντα κατειληφέναι τὸ κάλλος.
Now practically everyone says that the proportion of the parts to one another and to the whole, with good color added, is what makes beauty for sight; and that for these things, and for all other things generally, being beautiful is being proportioned and measured. On this view nothing simple will be beautiful; only what is composite, necessarily, will be. The whole will be beautiful, as they see it, but the individual parts will not be beautiful in themselves, only as contributing to the whole, so that it may be beautiful. And yet if the whole is beautiful, the parts must be beautiful too; surely it is not made of ugly parts, but beauty must have taken hold of all of them.
τά τε χρώματα αὐτοῖς τὰ καλά, οἷον καὶ τὸ τοῦ ἡλίου φῶς, ἁπλᾶ ὄντα καὶ οὐκ ἐκ συμμετρίας ἔχοντα τὸ κάλλος ἔξω ἔσται τοῦ καλὰ εἶναι. χρυσός τε δὴ πῶς καλόν; καὶ νυκτὸς ἡ ἀστραπὴ ἢ [τὰ] ἄστρα ὁρᾶσθαι τῷ καλόν; ἐπί τε τῶν φωνῶν ὡσαύτως τὸ ἁπλοῦν οἰχήσεται, καίτοι ἑκάστου φθόγγου πολλαχῇ τῷ ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ καλῷ καλοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ ὄντος. ὅταν δὲ δὴ καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς συμμετρίας μενούσης ὁτὲ μὲν καλὸν τὸ αὐτὸ πρόσωπον, ὁτὲ δὲ μὴ φαίνηται, πῶς οὐκ ἄλλο δεῖ ἐπὶ τῷ συμμέτρῳ λέγειν τὸ καλὸν εἶναι, καὶ τὸ σύμμετρον καλὸν εἶναι δι’ ἄλλο;
And on their view beautiful colors, and the light of the sun too, will be excluded from being beautiful, since they are simple and do not get their beauty from symmetry. And gold: how is it beautiful? Lightning in the night, or [the] stars: what makes them beautiful to see? With sounds, likewise, the simple will disappear, although each note within a beautiful whole is often beautiful in its own right as well. And when the symmetry stays the same and yet the same face looks beautiful at one time and not at another, how can we avoid saying that beauty is something else, over and above the symmetry, and that the symmetrical is beautiful because of something else?
εἰ δὲ δὴ μεταβαίνοντες καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα καὶ τοὺς λόγους τοὺς καλοὺς τὸ σύμμετρον καὶ ἐπ’ αὐτῶν αἰτιῷντο, τίς ἂν λέγοιτο ἐν ἐπιτηδεύμασι συμμετρία καλοῖς ἢ νόμοις ἢ μαθήμασιν ἢ ἐπιστήμαις; θεωρήματα μὲν γὰρ σύμμετρα πρὸς ἄλληλα πῶς ἂν εἴη; εἰ δ’ ὅτι σύμφωνά ἐστι, καὶ κακῶν ἔσται ὁμολογία τε καὶ συμφωνία. τῷ γὰρ τὴν σωφροσύνην ἠλιθιότητα εἶναι τὸ τὴν δικαιοσύνην γενναίαν εἶναι εὐήθειαν σύμφωνον καὶ συνῳδὸν καὶ ὁμολογεῖ πρὸς ἄλληλα. κάλλος μὲν οὖν ψυχῆς ἀρετὴ πᾶσα καὶ κάλλος ἀληθινώτερον ἢ τὰ πρόσθεν· ἀλλὰ πῶς σύμμετρα; οὔτε γὰρ ὡς μεγέθη οὔτε ὡς ἀριθμοὶ σύμμετρα καίτοι πλειόνων μερῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ὄντων. ἐν ποίῳ γὰρ λόγῳ ἡ σύνθεσις ἢ ἡ κρᾶσις τῶν μερῶν ἢ τῶν θεωρημάτων; τὸ δὲ τοῦ νοῦ κάλλος μονουμένου τί ἂν εἴη;
And if they move on to beautiful ways of life and beautiful speech and make symmetry the cause in their case too, what symmetry could be meant in beautiful ways of life, or laws, or studies, or branches of knowledge? How could theorems be symmetrical with one another? If it is because they agree, then bad things too will have their consistency and agreement. The claim that moderation is foolishness agrees and harmonizes with the claim that justice is a noble simplicity; the two are consistent with each other. Every virtue, then, is a beauty of soul, and a truer beauty than those before. But how is it symmetrical? Not as magnitudes are, nor as numbers are, even though the soul has several parts. In what ratio would the combining or blending of the parts, or of the theorems, be? And what would the beauty of Intellect be, alone by itself?
πάλιν οὖν ἀναλαβόντες λέγωμεν, τί δῆτά ἐστι τὸ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι καλὸν πρῶτον. ἔστι μὲν γάρ τι καὶ ἐπιβολῇ τῇ πρώτῃ αἰσθητὸν γινόμενον καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ ὥσπερ συνεῖσα λέγει καὶ ἐπιγνοῦσα ἀποδέχεται καὶ οἷον συναρμόττεται. πρὸς δὲ τὸ αἰσχρὸν προσβαλοῦσα ἀνίλλεται καὶ ἀρνεῖται καὶ ἀνανεύει ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ οὐ συμφωνοῦσα καὶ ἀλλοτριουμένη. φαμὲν δή, ὡς τὴν φύσιν οὖσα ὅπερ ἐστὶ καὶ πρὸς τῆς κρείττονος ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν οὐσίας, ὅ τι ἂν ἴδῃ συγγενὲς ἢ ἴχνος τοῦ συγγενοῦς, χαίρει τε καὶ διεπτόηται καὶ ἀναφέρει πρὸς ἑαυτὴν καὶ ἀναμιμνήσκεται ἑαυτῆς καὶ τῶν ἑαυτῆς. τίς οὖν ὁμοιότης τοῖς τῇδε πρὸς τὰ ἐκεῖ καλά; καὶ γάρ, εἰ ὁμοιότης, ὅμοια μὲν ἔσται· πῶς δὲ καλὰ κἀκεῖνα καὶ ταῦτα; μετοχῇ εἴδους φαμὲν ταῦτα.
So let us take it up again and say what beauty in bodies is in the first place. It is something that becomes perceptible even at the first glance; the soul speaks of it as though it understood it, recognizes it and welcomes it, and is, as it were, attuned to it. But when it encounters the ugly, it shrinks back, refuses it and turns away from it, out of tune with it and estranged. We say, then, that because the soul is by nature what it is, and comes from the higher kind of being among the things that are, whenever it sees something akin to it, or a trace of something akin, it is delighted and thrilled, and refers it to itself, and remembers itself and what is its own. What likeness, then, do beautiful things here have to the beautiful things there? For if there is a likeness, granted, they will be alike; but how are both those and these beautiful? These, we say, are beautiful by participating in form.
πᾶν μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἄμορφον πεφυκὸς μορφὴν καὶ εἶδος δέχεσθαι ἄμοιρον ὂν λόγου καὶ εἴδους αἰσχρὸν καὶ ἔξω θείου λόγου· καὶ τὸ πάντη αἰσχρὸν τοῦτο. αἰσχρὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ κρατηθὲν ὑπὸ μορφῆς καὶ λόγου οὐκ ἀνασχομένης τῆς ὕλης τὸ πάντη κατὰ τὸ εἶδος μορφοῦσθαι. προσιὸν οὖν τὸ εἶδος τὸ μὲν ἐκ πολλῶν ἐσόμενον μερῶν ἓν συνθέσει συνέταξέ τε καὶ εἰς μίαν συντέλειαν ἤγαγε καὶ ἓν τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ πεποίηκεν, ἐπείπερ ἓν ἦν αὐτὸ ἕν τε ἔδει τὸ μορφούμενον εἶναι ὡς δυνατὸν αὐτῷ ἐκ πολλῶν ὄντι. ἵδρυται οὖν ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ τὸ κάλλος εἰς ἓν συναχθέντος καὶ τοῖς μέρεσι διδὸν ἑαυτὸ καὶ τοῖς ὅλοις.
Everything shapeless that is naturally meant to receive shape and form is ugly so long as it has no share in rational principle and form, and stands outside divine rational principle; and this is the utterly ugly. Ugly too is what has not been mastered by shape and rational principle, because the matter has not allowed itself to be completely shaped according to the form. So the form comes to it and arranges what is to be one thing out of many parts by combining them; it brings them into a single completed whole and makes it one by their agreement, since it was itself one, and what it shaped had to be one, as far as it could, being made of many. So beauty is seated upon it once it has been brought together into one, giving itself to the parts and to the wholes.
ὅταν δὲ ἕν τι καὶ ὁμοιομερὲς καταλάβῃ, εἰς ὅλον δίδωσιν ἑαυτό· οἷον [εἰ] ὁτὲ μὲν πάσῃ οἰκίᾳ μετὰ τῶν μερῶν, ὁτὲ δὲ ἑνὶ λίθῳ διδοίη τις φύσις τὸ κάλλος, τῇ δὲ ἡ τέχνη. οὕτω μὲν δὴ καλὸν τὸ σῶμα γίγνεται λόγου ἀπὸ θεῶν ἐλθόντος κοινωνίᾳ.
When it takes hold of something that is one and uniform throughout, it gives itself to the whole: as [if] beauty were given sometimes to a whole house together with its parts, and sometimes to a single stone—to the stone by a nature, to the house by art. This, then, is how a body becomes beautiful: by sharing in a rational principle that comes from the gods.
γινώσκει δὲ αὐτὸ ἡ ἐπ’ αὐτὸ δύναμις τεταγμένη, ἧς οὐδὲν κυριώτερον εἰς κρίσιν τῶν ἑαυτῆς, ὅταν καὶ ἡ ἄλλη συνεπικρίνῃ ψυχή. τάχα δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ λέγει συναρμόττουσα τῷ παρ’ αὐτῇ εἴδει κἀκείνῳ πρὸς τὴν κρίσιν χρωμένη ὥσπερ κανόνι τοῦ εὐθέος. πῶς δὲ συμφωνεῖ τὸ περὶ σῶμα τῷ πρὸ σώματος; πῶς δὲ τὴν ἔξω οἰκίαν τῷ ἔνδον οἰκίας εἴδει ὁ οἰκοδομικὸς συναρμόσας καλὴν εἶναι λέγει; ἢ ὅτι ἐστὶν ἡ ἔξω, εἰ χωρίσειας τοὺς λίθους, τὸ ἔνδον εἶδος μερισθὲν τῷ ἔξω ὕλης ὄγκῳ, ἀμερὲς ὂν ἐν πολλοῖς φανταζόμενον.
The power assigned to beauty recognizes it, and nothing has more authority in judging what is its own, when the rest of the soul joins in the judgment. Or perhaps it too pronounces, by fitting the thing to the form it has within itself and using that for the judgment, like a ruler for judging what is straight. But how does what is in body accord with what is prior to body? How does the builder fit the house outside to the form of the house within and then say that it is beautiful? Or rather: because the house outside, if you set the stones aside, is the inner form divided by the external mass of matter—something partless appearing in many.
ὅταν οὖν ἡ αἴσθησις τὸ ἐν σώμασιν εἶδος ἴδῃ συνδησάμενον καὶ κρατῆσαν τῆς φύσεως τῆς ἐναντίας ἀμόρφου οὔσης καὶ μορφὴν ἐπὶ ἄλλαις μορφαῖς ἐκπρεπῶς ἐποχουμένην, συνελοῦσα ἀθρόον αὐτὸ τὸ πολλαχῇ ἀνήνεγκέ τε καὶ εἰσήγαγεν εἰς τὸ εἴσω ἀμερὲς ἤδη καὶ ἔδωκε τῷ ἔνδον σύμφωνον καὶ συναρμόττον καὶ φίλον· οἷα ἀνδρὶ ἀγαθῷ προσηνὲς ἐπιφαινόμενον ἀρετῆς ἴχνος ἐν νέῳ συμφωνοῦν τῷ ἀληθεῖ τῷ ἔνδον.
So when perception sees the form in bodies binding together and mastering the contrary nature, which is shapeless, and sees shape riding conspicuously upon other shapes, it gathers into one what was spread out in many places, carries it up and brings it inside, by now partless, and gives it to what is within as something in tune with it, fitting it and dear to it. It is like the pleasure a good man takes when a trace of virtue shows itself in a young man, in tune with the true virtue within himself.
τὸ δὲ τῆς χρόας κάλλος ἁπλοῦν μορφῇ καὶ κρατήσει τοῦ ἐν ὕλῃ σκοτεινοῦ, παρουσίᾳ φωτὸς ἀσωμάτου καὶ λόγου καὶ εἴδους ὄντος. ὅθεν καὶ τὸ πῦρ αὐτὸ παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα σώματα καλόν, ὅτι τάξιν εἴδους πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα στοιχεῖα ἔχει, ἄνω μὲν τῇ θέσει, λεπτότατον δὲ τῶν ἄλλων σωμάτων, ὡς ἐγγὺς ὂν τοῦ ἀσωμάτου, μόνον δὲ αὐτὸ οὐκ εἰσδεχόμενον τὰ ἄλλα· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα δέχεται αὐτό. θερμαίνεται γὰρ ἐκεῖνα, οὐ ψύχεται δὲ τοῦτο, κέχρωσταί τε πρώτως, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα παρὰ τούτου τὸ εἶδος τῆς χρόας λαμβάνει. λάμπει οὖν καὶ στίλβει, ὡς ἂν εἶδος ὄν. τὸ δὲ μὴ κρατούμενον ἐξίτηλον τῷ φωτὶ γινόμενον οὐκέτι καλόν, ὡς ἂν τοῦ εἴδους τῆς χρόας οὐ μετέχον ὅλου.
The beauty of color is simple; it comes by shape and by mastery of the darkness in matter, through the presence of light, which is bodiless and a rational principle and form. That is why fire itself is beautiful beyond the other bodies: it holds the rank of form in relation to the other elements. It is highest in position and the subtlest of the bodies, as being near to the bodiless; and it alone does not admit the others, while the others admit it. They are warmed, but it is not cooled; it is colored primarily, and the others take the form of their color from it. So it shines and glitters, as being form. What is not mastered by it, fading in its light, is no longer beautiful, since it does not share in the whole form of color.
αἱ δὲ ἁρμονίαι αἱ ἐν ταῖς φωναῖς ἀφανεῖς τὰς φανερὰς ποιήσασαι καὶ ταύτῃ τὴν ψυχὴν σύνεσιν τοῦ καλοῦ λαβεῖν ἐποίησαν, ὡς ἐν ἄλλῳ τὸ αὐτὸ δείξασαι. παρακολουθεῖ δὲ ταῖς αἰσθηταῖς μετρεῖσθαι ἀριθμοῖς ἐν λόγῳ οὐ παντί, ἀλλ’ ὃς ἂν ᾖ δουλεύων εἰς ποίησιν εἴδους εἴς [τε] τὸ κρατεῖν. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν ἐν αἰσθήσει καλῶν, ἃ δὴ εἴδωλα καὶ σκιαί, [αἳ] οἷον ἐκδραμοῦσαι εἰς ὕλην ἐλθοῦσαι ἐκόσμησάν τε καὶ διεπτόησαν φανεῖσαι, τοσαῦτα.
The hidden harmonies in sounds, which make the audible ones, have in this way too made the soul grasp beauty, showing the same thing in something else. It follows that sensible harmonies are measured by numbers—not in any ratio whatever, but in one that serves to produce form [and] to master. So much, then, for the beautiful things in perception, which are images and shadows [that], as it were, ran out and came into matter, adorned it and thrilled us when they appeared.
Beauty beyond the senses
Souls see the beauty of virtue and ways of life, and ugliness is a soul soiled by the body.
περὶ δὲ τῶν προσωτέρω καλῶν, ἃ οὐκέτι αἴσθησις ὁρᾶν εἴληχε, ψυχὴ δὲ ἄνευ ὀργάνων ὁρᾷ καὶ λέγει, ἀναβαίνοντας δεῖ θεάσασθαι καταλιπόντας τὴν αἴσθησιν κάτω περιμένειν. ὥσπερ δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν τῆς αἰσθήσεως καλῶν οὐκ ἦν περὶ αὐτῶν λέγειν τοῖς μήτε ἑωρακόσι μήθ’ ὡς καλῶν ἀντειλημμένοις, οἷον εἴ τινες ἐξ ἀρχῆς τυφλοὶ γεγονότες, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον οὐδὲ περὶ κάλλους ἐπιτηδευμάτων τοῖς μὴ ἀποδεξαμένοις τὸ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων καὶ ἐπιστημῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων κάλλος, οὐδὲ περὶ ἀρετῆς φέγγους τοῖς μηδὲ φαντασθεῖσιν, ὡς καλὸν τὸ τῆς δικαιοσύνης καὶ σωφροσύνης πρόσωπον, καὶ οὔτε ἕσπερος οὔτε ἑῷος οὕτω καλά. ἀλλὰ δεῖ ἰδόντας μὲν εἶναι, ὧν ψυχὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα βλέπει, ἰδόντας δὲ ἡσθῆναι καὶ ἔκπληξιν λαβεῖν καὶ πτοηθῆναι πολλῷ μᾶλλον, ἢ ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν, ἅτε ἀληθινῶν ἤδη ἐφαπτομένους.
As for the beauties further on, which perception is no longer given to see, but which the soul sees and speaks of without instruments, we must go up and contemplate them, leaving perception to wait below. With the beauties of perception, it was not possible to speak of them to those who had never seen them or grasped them as beautiful—people blind from birth, for instance. In the same way, one cannot speak of the beauty of ways of life to those who have not welcomed the beauty of ways of life, of branches of knowledge and of other such things; nor of the splendor of virtue to those who have never even imagined how beautiful is the face of justice and moderation, and that neither the evening star nor the morning star is so beautiful. One must have seen them, with that by which the soul sees such things; and having seen, one must be delighted, struck with amazement and thrilled far more than before, since now one is in touch with things that are true.
ταῦτα γὰρ δεῖ τὰ πάθη γενέσθαι περὶ τὸ ὅ τι ἂν ᾖ καλόν, θάμβος καὶ ἔκπληξιν ἡδεῖαν καὶ πόθον καὶ ἔρωτα καὶ πτόησιν μεθ’ ἡδονῆς. ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα παθεῖν καὶ πάσχουσιν αἱ ψυχαὶ καὶ περὶ τὰ μὴ ὁρώμενα πᾶσαι μέν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, μᾶλλον μέντοι αἱ τούτων ἐρωτικώτεραι, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων πάντες μὲν ἐρῶσι, κεντοῦνται δὲ οὐκ ἴσα, ἀλλ’ εἰσὶν οἳ μάλιστα, οἳ καὶ λέγονται ἐρᾶν.
For these are the feelings that must arise around whatever is beautiful: wonder, a sweet amazement, longing, love, and a thrill mixed with pleasure. One can feel these, and souls do feel them, even about things that are not seen: all souls, so to speak, but more those that are more given to loving these things. It is the same with bodies: everyone loves, but they are not all stung equally; some are stung most, and these are the ones who are said to be in love.
τῷ δὴ καὶ περὶ τὰ ἐν οὐκ αἰσθήσει ἐρωτικῶν ἀναπυνθάνεσθαι δεῖ· τί πάσχετε περὶ τὰ λεγόμενα ἐπιτηδεύματα καλὰ καὶ τρόπους καλοὺς καὶ ἤθη σώφρονα καὶ ὅλως ἔργα ἀρετῆς καὶ διαθέσεις καὶ τὸ τῶν ψυχῶν κάλλος; καὶ ἑαυτοὺς δὲ ἰδόντες τὰ ἔνδον καλοὺς τί πάσχετε; καὶ πῶς ἀναβακχεύεσθε καὶ ἀνακινεῖσθε καὶ ἑαυτοῖς συνεῖναι ποθεῖτε συλλεξάμενοι αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν σωμάτων; πάσχουσι μὲν γὰρ ταῦτα οἱ ὄντως ἐρωτικοί. τί δέ ἐστι, περὶ ὃ ταῦτα πάσχουσιν;
So we must also put the question to those who love what is not in perception: What do you feel about what are called beautiful ways of life, beautiful manners, moderate characters, and in general works of virtue and dispositions, and the beauty of souls? And when you see yourselves beautiful within, what do you feel? How is it that you are roused to Bacchic frenzy, stirred up, and long to be with yourselves, gathering yourselves together away from your bodies? For these are the feelings of those who truly love. But what is it about which they feel this?
οὐ σχῆμα, οὐ χρῶμα, οὐ μέγεθός τι, ἀλλὰ περὶ ψυχήν, ἀχρώματον μὲν αὐτήν, ἀχρώματον δὲ καὶ τὴν σωφροσύνην ἔχουσαν καὶ τὸ ἄλλο τῶν ἀρετῶν φέγγος, ὅταν ἢ ἐν αὑτοῖς ἴδητε, ἢ καὶ ἐν ἄλλῳ θεάσησθε μέγεθος ψυχῆς καὶ ἦθος δίκαιον καὶ σωφροσύνην καθαρὰν καὶ ἀνδρείαν βλοσυρὸν ἔχουσαν πρόσωπον καὶ σεμνότητα καὶ αἰδῶ ἐπανθοῦσαν ἀτρεμεῖ καὶ ἀκύμονι καὶ ἀπαθεῖ διαθέσει, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τούτοις τὸν θεοειδῆ νοῦν ἐπιλάμποντα. ταῦτα οὖν ἀγάμενοι καὶ φιλοῦντες πῶς αὐτὰ λέγετε καλά; ἔστι μὲν γὰρ καὶ φαίνεται καὶ οὐ μήποτε ὁ ἰδὼν ἄλλο τι φήσει, ἢ τὰ ὄντως ὄντα ταῦτα εἶναι. τί ὄντα ὄντως; ἢ καλά. ἀλλ’ ἔτι ποθεῖ ὁ λόγος, τί ὄντα πεποίηκε τὴν ψυχὴν εἶναι ἐράσμιον· τί τὸ ἐπὶ πάσαις ἀρεταῖς διαπρέπον οἷον φῶς;
Not a figure, not a color, not some size: it is about soul, itself colorless, which has its moderation colorless too, and the rest of the splendor of the virtues—when you see in yourselves, or contemplate in someone else, greatness of soul, a just character, pure moderation, courage with its fierce face, dignity and modesty blossoming in a disposition steady, calm as a windless sea and untouched by passion, and over all of these, shining upon them, godlike intellect. Admiring and loving these, then, how do you call them beautiful? They are, and they appear so, and no one who has seen them will ever say anything but that these are what really is. Really is what? Beautiful. But the argument still wants to know what it is in them that has made the soul lovable. What is this, like a light, that shines out over all the virtues?
βούλει δὴ καὶ τὰ ἐναντία λαβών, τὰ περὶ ψυχὴν αἰσχρὰ γινόμενα, ἀντιπαραθεῖναι; τάχα γὰρ ἂν συμβάλλοιτο πρὸς ὃ ζητοῦμεν τὸ αἰσχρὸν ὅ τί ποτ’ ἐστὶ καὶ διότι φανέν. ἔστω δὴ ψυχὴ αἰσχρά, ἀκόλαστός τε καὶ ἄδικος, πλείστων μὲν ἐπιθυμιῶν γέμουσα, πλείστης δὲ ταραχῆς, ἐν φόβοις διὰ δειλίαν, ἐν φθόνοις διὰ μικροπρέπειαν, πάντα φρονοῦσα ἃ δὴ καὶ φρονεῖ θνητὰ καὶ ταπεινά, σκολιὰ πανταχοῦ, ἡδονῶν οὐ καθαρῶν φίλη, ζῶσα ζωὴν τοῦ ὅ τι ἂν πάθῃ διὰ σώματος ὡς ἡδὺ λαβοῦσα [τὸ] αἶσχος.
Would you like to take the opposites—the ugly things that arise in the soul—and set them side by side? Perhaps it would help with what we are looking for to see what ugliness is and why it appears. Let there be, then, an ugly soul, licentious and unjust, full of countless desires and the greatest turmoil, sunk in fears through cowardice and in envies through pettiness, all its thoughts, such as they are, mortal and low, crooked everywhere, a friend of impure pleasures, living a life of whatever it feels through the body, taking [the] ugliness for something sweet.
αὐτὸ τοῦτο τὸ αἶσχος αὐτῇ ἆρα οὐ προσγεγονέναι οἷον ἐπακτὸν κακὸν φήσομεν, ὃ ἐλωβήσατο μὲν αὐτῇ, πεποίηκε δὲ αὐτὴν ἀκάθαρτον καὶ πολλῷ τῷ κακῷ συμπεφυρμένην, οὔτε ζωὴν ἔτι ἔχουσαν οὔτε αἴσθησιν καθαράν, ἀλλὰ τῷ μίγματι τοῦ κακοῦ ἀμυδρᾷ τῇ ζωῇ κεχρημένην καὶ πολλῷ τῷ θανάτῳ κεκραμένην, οὐκέτι μὲν ὁρῶσαν ἃ δεῖ ψυχὴν ὁρᾶν, οὐκέτι δὲ ἐωμένην ἐν αὑτῇ μένειν τῷ ἕλκεσθαι ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ ἔξω καὶ τὸ κάτω καὶ τὸ σκοτεινόν;
Shall we not say that this very ugliness has come upon it like an evil brought in from outside, which has mutilated it and made it impure and smeared with much evil, so that it no longer has a pure life or a pure perception, but lives a dim life through its mixture with evil, a life blended with much death? It no longer sees what a soul should see, and it is no longer allowed to remain in itself, because it is always being dragged toward the outside, the below, the dark.
ἀκάθαρτος δή, οἶμαι, οὖσα καὶ φερομένη πανταχοῦ ὁλκαῖς πρὸς τὰ τῇ αἰσθήσει προσπίπτοντα, πολὺ τὸ τοῦ σώματος ἔχουσα ἐγκεκραμένον, τῷ ὑλικῷ πολλῷ συνοῦσα καὶ εἰς αὑτὴν εἰσδεξαμένη εἶδος ἕτερον ἠλλάξατο κράσει τῇ πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον· οἷον εἴ τις δὺς εἰς πηλὸν ἢ βόρβορον τὸ μὲν ὅπερ εἶχε κάλλος μηκέτι προφαίνοι, τοῦτο δὲ ὁρῷτο, ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ ἢ βορβόρου ἀπεμάξατο· ᾧ δὴ τὸ αἰσχρὸν προσθήκῃ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου προσῆλθε καὶ ἔργον αὐτῷ, εἴπερ ἔσται πάλιν καλός, ἀπονιψαμένῳ καὶ καθηραμένῳ ὅπερ ἦν εἶναι. αἰσχρὰν δὴ ψυχὴν λέγοντες μίξει καὶ κράσει καὶ νεύσει τῇ πρὸς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὕλην ὀρθῶς ἂν λέγοιμεν.
Being impure, I think, and pulled every which way toward whatever strikes perception, with much of the body blended into it, keeping close company with much that is material, and having taken into itself a different form, it has been changed by a blending with what is worse. It is as if someone had plunged into mud or slime: the beauty he had no longer shows, and what is seen is what he has picked up from the mud or slime. Ugliness has come to him by the addition of something foreign, and his task, if he is to be beautiful again, is to wash and clean himself and be what he was. So we would be right to say that the soul becomes ugly by mixture and blending and by its inclination toward body and matter.
καὶ ἔστι τοῦτο αἶσχος ψυχῇ μὴ καθαρᾷ μηδὲ εἰλικρινεῖ εἶναι, ὥσπερ χρυσῷ ἀναπεπλῆσθαι τοῦ γεώδους, ὃ εἴ τις ἀφέλοι, καταλέλειπται χρυσὸς καὶ ἔστι καλός, μονούμενος μὲν τῶν ἄλλων, αὑτῷ δὲ συνὼν μόνῳ. τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ τρόπον καὶ ψυχή, μονωθεῖσα μὲν ἐπιθυμιῶν, ἃς διὰ τὸ σῶμα ἔχει, ᾧ ἄγαν προσωμίλει, ἀπαλλαγεῖσα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων παθῶν καὶ καθαρθεῖσα ἃ ἔχει σωματωθεῖσα, μείνασα μόνη τὸ αἰσχρὸν τὸ παρὰ τῆς ἑτέρας φύσεως ἅπαν ἀπεθήκατο.
And this is ugliness for a soul: not to be pure and unmixed. It is like gold filled with earthy stuff: if someone removes that, gold is left, and it is beautiful, isolated from everything else and keeping company with itself alone. In the same way the soul, isolated from the desires it has because of the body, with which it kept too close company, freed from its other passions and purified of what it has from being embodied, remaining alone, has laid aside all the ugliness that came from the other nature.
ἔστι γὰρ δή, ὡς ὁ παλαιὸς λόγος, καὶ ἡ σωφροσύνη καὶ ἡ ἀνδρεία καὶ πᾶσα ἀρετὴ κάθαρσις καὶ ἡ φρόνησις αὐτή. διὸ καὶ αἱ τελεταὶ ὀρθῶς αἰνίττονται τὸν μὴ κεκαθαρμένον καὶ εἰς ᾅδου κείσεσθαι ἐν βορβόρῳ, ὅτι τὸ μὴ καθαρὸν βορβόρῳ διὰ κάκην φίλον· οἷα δὴ καὶ ὗες, οὐ καθαραὶ τὸ σῶμα, χαίρουσι τῷ τοιούτῳ. τί γὰρ ἂν καὶ εἴη σωφροσύνη ἀληθὴς ἢ τὸ μὴ προσομιλεῖν ἡδοναῖς τοῦ σώματος, φεύγειν δὲ ὡς οὐ καθαρὰς οὐδὲ καθαροῦ; ἡ δὲ ἀνδρεία ἀφοβία θανάτου. ὁ δέ ἐστι χωρὶς εἶναι τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ σώματος. οὐ φοβεῖται δὲ τοῦτο, ὃς ἀγαπᾷ μόνος γενέσθαι. μεγαλοψυχία δὲ δὴ ὑπεροψία τῶν τῇδε. ἡ δὲ φρόνησις νόησις ἐν ἀποστροφῇ τῶν κάτω, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἄνω τὴν ψυχὴν ἄγουσα.
For in fact, as the ancient saying has it, moderation and courage and every virtue is purification, and so is understanding itself. That is why the mysteries are right to say, in their riddling way, that whoever has not been purified will lie in mud even in Hades: what is not pure, because of its badness, is fond of mud, as pigs, whose bodies are not pure, take pleasure in such stuff. For what would true moderation be, except not keeping company with the pleasures of the body, but fleeing them as impure and as not belonging to what is pure? Courage is not fearing death. And death is the soul’s being apart from the body. Whoever is glad to be alone does not fear this. Greatness of soul is disdain for the things here. And understanding is thinking that turns away from the things below and leads the soul to the things above.
γίνεται οὖν ἡ ψυχὴ καθαρθεῖσα εἶδος καὶ λόγος καὶ πάντη ἀσώματος καὶ νοερὰ καὶ ὅλη τοῦ θείου, ὅθεν ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ τὰ συγγενῆ πάντα τοιαῦτα. ψυχὴ οὖν ἀναχθεῖσα πρὸς νοῦν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλόν ἐστι καλόν. νοῦς δὲ καὶ τὰ παρὰ νοῦ τὸ κάλλος αὐτῇ οἰκεῖον καὶ οὐκ ἀλλότριον, ὅτι τότε ἐστὶν ὄντως μόνον ψυχή. διὸ καὶ λέγεται ὀρθῶς τὸ ἀγαθὸν καὶ καλὸν τὴν ψυχὴν γίνεσθαι ὁμοιωθῆναι εἶναι θεῷ, ὅτι ἐκεῖθεν τὸ καλὸν καὶ ἡ μοῖρα ἡ ἑτέρα τῶν ὄντων. μᾶλλον δὲ τὰ ὄντα ἡ καλλονή ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ ἑτέρα φύσις τὸ αἰσχρόν. τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ [αἰσχρὸν] καὶ πρῶτον κακόν, ὥστε κἀκεῖνο ταὐτὸν ἀγαθόν τε καὶ καλόν, ἢ τἀγαθόν τε καὶ καλλονή. ὁμοίως οὖν ζητητέον καλόν τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν τε καὶ κακόν.
Once purified, then, the soul becomes form and rational principle, wholly bodiless and intellectual, and entirely of the divine, where the spring of beauty is, and all that is akin to it. Soul led up to Intellect, then, is beautiful to a higher degree. And Intellect, and what comes from Intellect, is its beauty—its own and not foreign—because then it is really soul alone. That is why it is rightly said that the soul’s becoming good and beautiful is becoming like god: because beauty comes from there, and so does the other portion of the things that are. Or rather, beauty is the things that are, and the other nature is the ugly. This same [ugly] is also the first evil; so that, on the other side, the same thing is good and beautiful—or rather, the Good and Beauty. So we must look for the beautiful and the good in the same way, and for the ugly and the evil.
καὶ τὸ πρῶτον θετέον τὴν καλλονήν, ὅπερ καὶ τἀγαθόν· ἀφ’ οὗ νοῦς εὐθὺς τὸ καλόν· ψυχὴ δὲ νῷ καλόν· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα ἤδη παρὰ ψυχῆς μορφούσης καλά, τά τε ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι τά τε ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασι. καὶ δὴ καὶ τὰ σώματα, ὅσα οὕτω λέγεται, ψυχὴ ἤδη ποιεῖ· ἅτε γὰρ θεῖον οὖσα καὶ οἷον μοῖρα τοῦ καλοῦ, ὧν ἂν ἐφάψηται καὶ κρατῇ, καλὰ ταῦτα, ὡς δυνατὸν αὐτοῖς μεταλαβεῖν, ποιεῖ.
We must posit the first as Beauty, which is also the Good. Immediately from it comes Intellect, which is beauty; and soul is beautiful by Intellect. Other things are then beautiful from soul, which gives them shape: the beauties in actions and in ways of life. And bodies too, those that are called beautiful, are by this stage made so by soul. Since it is divine and, as it were, a portion of beauty, it makes whatever it touches and masters beautiful, as far as they are able to share in it.
The ascent to the Good
The soul strips off what it put on coming down and sees beauty itself, unmixed and pure.
ἀναβατέον οὖν πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀγαθόν, οὗ ὀρέγεται πᾶσα ψυχή. εἴ τις οὖν εἶδεν αὐτό, οἶδεν ὃ λέγω, ὅπως καλόν. ἐφετὸν μὲν γὰρ ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἡ ἔφεσις πρὸς τοῦτο, τεῦξις δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀναβαίνουσι πρὸς τὸ ἄνω καὶ ἐπιστραφεῖσι καὶ ἀποδυομένοις, ἃ καταβαίνοντες ἠμφιέσμεθα· οἷον ἐπὶ τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἱερῶν τοῖς ἀνιοῦσι καθάρσεις τε καὶ ἱματίων ἀποθέσεις τῶν πρὶν καὶ τὸ γυμνοῖς ἀνιέναι· ἕως ἄν τις παρελθὼν ἐν τῇ ἀναβάσει πᾶν ὅσον ἀλλότριον τοῦ θεοῦ αὑτῷ μόνῳ αὐτὸ μόνον ἴδῃ εἰλικρινές, ἁπλοῦν, καθαρόν, ἀφ’ οὗ πάντα ἐξήρτηται, καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸ βλέπει καὶ ἔστι καὶ ζῇ καὶ νοεῖ· ζωῆς γὰρ αἴτιον καὶ νοῦ καὶ τοῦ εἶναι.
So we must go up again to the Good, which every soul desires. Anyone who has seen it knows what I mean, how beautiful it is. It is desired as good, and the desire is directed toward it; but attaining it is for those who go up to the higher world, turn back, and strip off what we put on in coming down—just as for those who go up into the holy places of temples there are purifications, and the laying aside of the clothes they wore before, and going up naked—until, passing in the ascent everything that is foreign to the god, one sees, with oneself alone, it alone, unmixed, simple, pure: that on which all things depend, to which they look, and by which they are and live and think. For it is the cause of life and intellect and being.
τοῦτο οὖν εἴ τις ἴδοι, ποίους ἂν ἴσχοι ἔρωτας, ποίους δὲ πόθους, βουλόμενος αὐτῷ συγκερασθῆναι, πῶς δ’ ἂν ἐκπλαγείη μεθ’ ἡδονῆς; ἔστι γὰρ τῷ μὲν μήπω ἰδόντι ὀρέγεσθαι ὡς ἀγαθοῦ· τῷ δὲ ἰδόντι ὑπάρχει ἐπὶ καλῷ ἄγασθαί τε καὶ θάμβους πίμπλασθαι μεθ’ ἡδονῆς καὶ ἐκπλήττεσθαι ἀβλαβῶς καὶ ἐρᾶν ἀληθῆ ἔρωτα καὶ δριμέος πόθου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐρώτων καταγελᾶν καὶ τῶν πρόσθεν νομιζομένων καλῶν καταφρονεῖν· ὁποῖον πάσχουσιν ὅσοι θεῶν εἴδεσιν ἢ δαιμόνων προστυχόντες οὐκέτ’ ἂν ἀποδέχοιντο ὁμοίως ἄλλων κάλλη σωμάτων.
If anyone sees it, then, what loves will he feel, what longings, as he wants to be blended with it, and how he will be struck with amazement and pleasure! One who has not yet seen it can desire it as good; but one who has seen it can marvel at it as beautiful, be filled with awe and pleasure, be struck with an amazement that does no harm, love with a true love and a piercing longing, laugh at other loves and scorn what he used to think beautiful. It is like what happens to those who have met with appearances of gods or spirits: they would no longer welcome the beauty of other bodies in the same way.
τί δῆτα οἰόμεθα, εἴ τις αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν θεῷτο αὐτὸ ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ καθαρόν, μὴ σαρκῶν, μὴ σώματος ἀνάπλεων, μὴ ἐν γῇ, μὴ ἐν οὐρανῷ, ἵν’ ᾖ καθαρόν; καὶ γὰρ ἐπακτὰ πάντα ταῦτα καὶ μέμικται καὶ οὐ πρῶτα, παρ’ ἐκείνου δέ. εἰ οὖν ἐκεῖνο, ὃ χορηγεῖ μὲν ἅπασιν, ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ δὲ μένον δίδωσι καὶ οὐ δέχεταί τι εἰς αὑτό, ἴδοι, μένων ἐν τῇ θέᾳ τοῦ τοιούτου καὶ ἀπολαύων αὐτοῦ ὁμοιούμενος τίνος ἂν ἔτι δέοιτο καλοῦ; τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸ μάλιστα κάλλος ὂν αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἐργάζεται τοὺς ἐραστὰς αὐτοῦ καλοὺς καὶ ἐραστοὺς ποιεῖ.
What, then, do we think it would be like if someone contemplated beauty itself, by itself, pure—not filled with flesh or body, not on earth, not in heaven, so that it may be pure? For all these are added from outside and mixed, and not first; they come from it. If, then, he sees that which supplies all things, and gives while remaining by itself, and receives nothing into itself; if he remains in the vision of such a thing and enjoys it, becoming like it, what other beauty could he still need? For this, being beauty itself in the highest degree and the first beauty, makes its lovers beautiful and lovable.
οὗ δὴ καὶ ἀγὼν μέγιστος καὶ ἔσχατος ψυχαῖς πρόκειται, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ὁ πᾶς πόνος, μὴ ἀμοίρους γενέσθαι τῆς ἀρίστης θέας, ἧς ὁ μὲν τυχὼν μακάριος ὄψιν μακαρίαν τεθεαμένος ἀτυχὴς δὲ τούτου ὁ μὴ τυχών. οὐ γὰρ ὁ χρωμάτων ἢ σωμάτων καλῶν μὴ τυχὼν οὐδὲ δυνάμεως οὐδὲ ἀρχῶν οὐδ’ ὁ βασιλείας μὴ τυχὼν ἀτυχής, ἀλλ’ ὁ τούτου καὶ μόνου, ὑπὲρ οὗ τῆς τεύξεως καὶ βασιλείας καὶ ἀρχὰς γῆς ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης καὶ οὐρανοῦ προέσθαι χρεών, εἰ καταλιπών τις ταῦτα καὶ ὑπεριδὼν εἰς ἐκεῖνο στραφεὶς ἴδοι.
Here, then, the greatest and ultimate contest is set before souls, and all their toil is for it: not to be left without a share in the best vision. Whoever attains it is blessed, having seen a blessed sight; whoever fails to attain it is unfortunate. For it is not the one who fails to win beautiful colors or bodies, or power, or office, or kingship who is unfortunate, but the one who fails to win this, and this alone. To attain it one should give up kingdoms and rule over all the earth and sea and sky, if by leaving these behind and disregarding them one might turn to it and see it.
τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος; τίς μηχανή; πῶς τις θεάσεται κάλλος ἀμήχανον οἷον ἔνδον ἐν ἁγίοις ἱεροῖς μένον οὐδὲ προιὸν εἰς τὸ ἔξω, ἵνα τις καὶ βέβηλος ἴδῃ; ἴτω δὴ καὶ συνεπέσθω εἰς τὸ εἴσω ὁ δυνάμενος ἔξω καταλιπὼν ὄψιν ὀμμάτων μηδ’ ἐπιστρέφων αὑτὸν εἰς τὰς προτέρας ἀγλαίας σωμάτων. ἰδόντα γὰρ δεῖ τὰ ἐν σώμασι καλὰ μήτοι προστρέχειν, ἀλλὰ γνόντα, ὥς εἰσιν εἰκόνες καὶ ἴχνη καὶ σκιαί, φεύγειν πρὸς ἐκεῖνο, οὗ ταῦτα εἰκόνες.
What, then, is the way? What means is there? How will anyone see a beauty beyond all means, which stays, as it were, inside the holy sanctuaries and does not come out to where even the uninitiated might see it? Let whoever can, go and follow it inside, leaving the sight of the eyes outside and not turning back to the former splendors of bodies. For when he sees beauty in bodies, he must not run after it, but know that they are images, traces and shadows, and flee to that of which they are images.
εἰ γάρ τις ἐπιδράμοι λαβεῖν βουλόμενος ὡς ἀληθινοῦ, οἷα εἰδώλου καλοῦ ἐφ’ ὕδατος ὀχουμένου, οὗ λαβεῖν βουληθείς, ὥς πού τις μῦθος, δοκεῖ μοι, αἰνίττεται, δὺς εἰς τὸ κάτω τοῦ ῥεύματος ἀφανὴς ἐγένετο, τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ τρόπον ὁ ἐχόμενος τῶν καλῶν σωμάτων καὶ μὴ ἀφιεὶς οὐ τῷ σώματι, τῇ δὲ ψυχῇ καταδύσεται εἰς σκοτεινὰ καὶ ἀτερπῆ τῷ νῷ βάθη, ἔνθα τυφλὸς [καὶ] ἐν ᾅδου μένων καὶ ἐνταῦθα κἀκεῖ σκιαῖς συνέσται. φεύγωμεν δὴ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα, ἀληθέστερον ἄν τις παρακελεύοιτο. τίς οὖν ἡ φυγή; καὶ πῶς ἀναξόμεθα; οἷον ἀπὸ μάγου Κίρκης φησὶν ἢ Καλυψοῦς Ὀδυσσεὺς αἰνιττόμενος, δοκεῖ μοι, μεῖναι οὐκ ἀρεσθείς, καίτοι ἔχων ἡδονὰς δι’ ὀμμάτων καὶ κάλλει πολλῷ αἰσθητῷ συνών. πατρὶς δὲ ἡμῖν, ὅθενπερ ἤλθομεν, καὶ πατὴρ ἐκεῖ. τίς οὖν ὁ στόλος καὶ ἡ φυγή;
For if someone runs to grasp them as if they were real—like a beautiful image riding on water, which someone wanted to grasp, as some myth, I think, hints darkly, and plunged into the depths of the stream and vanished—then in the same way whoever clings to beautiful bodies and will not let them go will sink, not with his body but with his soul, into depths that are dark and joyless to intellect, where, blind [and] remaining in Hades, he will keep company with shadows both here and there. “Let us flee to our beloved homeland”: that is the truer advice one might give. What, then, is this flight? And how shall we put out to sea? As Odysseus says he did from the sorceress Circe, or Calypso—speaking in riddles, I think—not content to stay, though he had pleasures for the eyes and kept company with much sensible beauty. Our homeland is the place we came from, and our father is there. What, then, is the journey, and the flight?
οὐ ποσὶ δεῖ διανύσαι· πανταχοῦ γὰρ φέρουσι πόδες ἐπὶ γῆν ἄλλην ἀπ’ ἄλλης· οὐδέ σε δεῖ ἵππων ὄχημα ἤ τι θαλάττιον παρασκευάσαι, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα πάντα ἀφεῖναι δεῖ καὶ μὴ βλέπειν, ἀλλ’ οἷον μύσαντα ὄψιν ἄλλην ἀλλάξασθαι καὶ ἀνεγεῖραι, ἣν ἔχει μὲν πᾶς, χρῶνται δὲ ὀλίγοι.
It is not a journey for the feet: feet only carry us everywhere from one land to another. Nor should you get ready a horse-drawn carriage or anything that goes by sea. You must let all these go and stop looking: shut your eyes, as it were, and exchange this sight for another, and wake it—the sight that everyone has, but few use.
Sculpting your own statue
The inner eye is trained on fine deeds and souls, then works on itself until it becomes sight.
τί οὖν ἐκείνη ἡ ἔνδον βλέπει; ἄρτι μὲν ἐγειρομένη οὐ πάνυ τὰ λαμπρὰ δύναται βλέπειν. ἐθιστέον οὖν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν πρῶτον μὲν τὰ καλὰ βλέπειν ἐπιτηδεύματα· εἶτα ἔργα καλά, οὐχ ὅσα αἱ τέχναι ἐργάζονται, ἀλλ’ ὅσα οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ λεγόμενοι ἀγαθοί· εἶτα ψυχὴν ἰδὲ τῶν τὰ ἔργα τὰ καλὰ ἐργαζομένων. πῶς ἂν οὖν ἴδοις ψυχὴν ἀγαθὴν οἷον τὸ κάλλος ἔχει;
What, then, does that inner sight see? Just woken, it cannot yet see very bright things. So the soul itself must be trained, first to see beautiful ways of life; then beautiful works—not those the arts produce, but those of the men who are called good; then look at the soul of those who produce the beautiful works. How, then, could you see what kind of beauty a good soul has?
ἄναγε ἐπὶ σαυτὸν καὶ ἰδέ· κἂν μήπω σαυτὸν ἴδῃς καλόν, οἷα ποιητὴς ἀγάλματος, ὃ δεῖ καλὸν γενέσθαι, τὸ μὲν ἀφαιρεῖ, τὸ δὲ ἀπέξεσε, τὸ δὲ λεῖον, τὸ δὲ καθαρὸν ἐποίησεν, ἕως ἔδειξε καλὸν ἐπὶ τῷ ἀγάλματι πρόσωπον, οὕτω καὶ σὺ ἀφαίρει ὅσα περιττὰ καὶ ἀπεύθυνε ὅσα σκολιά, ὅσα σκοτεινὰ καθαίρων ἐργάζου εἶναι λαμπρὰ καὶ μὴ παύσῃ τεκταίνων τὸ σὸν ἄγαλμα, ἕως ἂν ἐκλάμψῃ σοι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἡ θεοειδὴς ἀγλαία, ἕως ἂν ἴδῃς σωφροσύνην ἐν ἁγνῷ βεβῶσαν βάθρῳ.
Go back into yourself and look. And if you do not yet see yourself as beautiful, then do as the maker of a statue that has to become beautiful does: he cuts away here, scrapes there, makes this part smooth and that part clean, until he has brought out a beautiful face on the statue. So you too: cut away whatever is excessive, straighten whatever is crooked, clear whatever is dark and work to make it bright, and never stop sculpting your own statue, until the godlike splendor of virtue shines out on you, until you see moderation “established on its holy pedestal.”
εἰ γέγονας τοῦτο καὶ εἶδες σαυτὸν καὶ σαυτῷ καθαρῶς συνεγένου οὐδὲν ἔχων ἐμπόδιον πρὸς τὸ εἷς οὕτω γενέσθαι οὐδὲ σὺν αὑτῷ ἄλλο τι ἐντὸς μεμιγμένον ἔχων, ἀλλ’ ὅλος αὐτὸς φῶς ἀληθινὸν μόνον, οὐ μεγέθει μεμετρημένον οὐδὲ σχήματι εἰς ἐλάττωσιν περιγραφὲν οὐδ’ αὖ εἰς μέγεθος δι’ ἀπειρίας αὐξηθέν, ἀλλ’ ἀμέτρητον πανταχοῦ, ὡς ἂν μεῖζον παντὸς μέτρου καὶ παντὸς κρεῖσσον ποσοῦ· εἰ τοῦτο γενόμενον σαυτὸν ἴδοις, ὄψις ἤδη γενόμενος θαρσήσας περὶ σαυτῷ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἤδη ἀναβεβηκὼς μηκέτι τοῦ δεικνύντος δεηθεὶς ἀτενίσας ἰδέ· οὗτος γὰρ μόνος ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς τὸ μέγα κάλλος βλέπει.
If you have become this, and seen yourself, and come together with yourself in purity, with nothing hindering you from becoming one in this way, and with nothing else mixed in with you inside, but are wholly yourself, true light alone—not measured by magnitude, nor bounded by shape into smallness, nor again expanded into magnitude without limit, but unmeasured everywhere, as greater than every measure and superior to every quantity—if you see that you have become this, then, having become sight itself, take courage about yourself; having already climbed this far, you no longer need anyone to show you: gaze intently, and see. For this eye alone sees the great beauty.
ἐὰν δὲ ἴῃ ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν λημῶν κακίαις καὶ οὐ κεκαθαρμένος ἢ ἀσθενής, ἀνανδρίᾳ οὐ δυνάμενος τὰ πάνυ λαμπρὰ βλέπειν, οὐδὲν βλέπει, κἂν ἄλλος δεικνύῃ παρὸν τὸ ὁραθῆναι δυνάμενον. τὸ γὰρ ὁρῶν πρὸς τὸ ὁρώμενον συγγενὲς καὶ ὅμοιον ποιησάμενον δεῖ ἐπιβάλλειν τῇ θέᾳ. οὐ γὰρ ἂν πώποτε εἶδεν ὀφθαλμὸς ἥλιον ἡλιοειδὴς μὴ γεγενημένος, οὐδὲ τὸ καλὸν ἂν ἴδοι ψυχὴ μὴ καλὴ γενομένη. γενέσθω δὴ πρῶτον θεοειδὴς πᾶς καὶ καλὸς πᾶς, εἰ μέλλει θεάσασθαι τἀγαθόν τε καὶ καλόν. ἥξει γὰρ πρῶτον ἀναβαίνων ἐπὶ τὸν νοῦν κἀκεῖ πάντα εἰσόψεται καλὰ τὰ εἴδη καὶ φήσει τὸ κάλλος τοῦτο εἶναι, τὰς ἰδέας· πάντα γὰρ ταύταις καλά, τοῖς νοῦ γεννήμασι καὶ οὐσίᾳ. τὸ δὲ ἐπέκεινα τούτου τὴν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ λέγομεν φύσιν προβεβλημένον τὸ καλὸν πρὸ αὑτῆς ἔχουσαν.
But if someone comes to the vision with eyes bleary from vices, unpurified, or weak, unable through lack of courage to look at very bright things, he sees nothing, even if someone else shows him what is there and can be seen. For the seer must make itself akin and like to what is seen before it applies itself to the vision. No eye ever saw the sun without becoming sunlike, nor could a soul see beauty without becoming beautiful. So let each one first become wholly godlike and wholly beautiful, if he means to contemplate the Good and beauty. For as he goes up he will come first to Intellect, and there he will see all the Forms as beautiful, and will say that this is beauty: the Forms. For by them all things are beautiful, by the offspring and being of Intellect. What is beyond this we call the nature of the Good, which holds beauty set out in front of it.
ὥστε ὁλοσχερεῖ μὲν λόγῳ τὸ πρῶτον καλόν· διαιρῶν δὲ τὰ νοητὰ τὸ μὲν νοητὸν καλὸν τὸν τῶν εἰδῶν φήσει τόπον, τὸ δ’ ἀγαθὸν τὸ ἐπέκεινα καὶ πηγὴν καὶ ἀρχὴν τοῦ καλοῦ. ἢ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ τὸ ἀγαθὸν καὶ καλὸν πρῶτον θήσεται· πλὴν ἐκεῖ τὸ καλόν.
So, speaking roughly, the First is beauty. But if one divides the intelligibles, one will say that intelligible beauty is the place of the Forms, while the Good is what is beyond, the spring and principle of beauty. Or else one will place the Good and the first beauty in the same thing. In any case, beauty is There.