Forage Plotinus · Enneads · IV.1 On the Essence of the Soul I
Plotinus · Enneads

IV.1 On the Essence of the Soul I

Περὶ οὐσίας ψυχῆς πρῶτον · A brief sketch of how soul is undivided in the intelligible world yet divided among bodies here. · no. 21 in order of writing

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    ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τῷ νοητῷ ἡ ἀληθινὴ οὐσία· νοῦς τὸ ἄριστον αὐτοῦ· ψυχαὶ δὲ κἀκεῖ· ἐκεῖθεν γὰρ καὶ ἐνταῦθα. κἀκεῖνος ὁ κόσμος ψυχὰς ἄνευ σωμάτων ἔχει, οὗτος δὲ τὰς ἐν σώμασι γινομένας καὶ μερισθείσας τοῖς σώμασιν. ἐκεῖ δὲ ὁμοῦ μὲν πᾶς νοῦς καὶ οὐ διακεκριμένον οὐδὲ μεμερισμένον, ὁμοῦ δὲ πᾶσαι ψυχαὶ ἐν ἑνὶ τῷ κόσμῳ, οὐκ ἐν διαστάσει τοπικῇ. νοῦς μὲν οὖν ἀεὶ ἀδιάκριτος καὶ οὐ μεριστός, ψυχὴ δὲ ἐκεῖ ἀδιάκριτος καὶ ἀμέριστος· ἔχει δὲ φύσιν μερίζεσθαι. καὶ γὰρ ὁ μερισμὸς αὐτῆς τὸ ἀποστῆναι καὶ ἐν σώματι γενέσθαι. μεριστὴ οὖν εἰκότως περὶ τὰ σώματα λέγεται εἶναι, ὅτι οὕτως ἀφίσταται καὶ μεμέρισται. πῶς οὖν καὶ ἀμέριστος; οὐ γὰρ ὅλη ἀπέστη, ἀλλ’ ἔστι τι αὐτῆς οὐκ ἐληλυθός, ὃ οὐ πέφυκε μερίζεσθαι.

    In the intelligible world is true being; Intellect is the best of it. But there are souls There too, for it is from There that they come here. That world has souls without bodies; this one has the souls that come to be in bodies and are divided by bodies. There, all Intellect is together, not separated or divided, and all souls are together in the one world, not in spatial separation. Intellect, then, is always unseparated and undivided; soul there is unseparated and undivided too, but its nature is to be divided. For its division is its departing and coming to be in body. So it is reasonably said to be “divisible in bodies,” because in this way it departs and is divided. How, then, is it also undivided? Because not all of it departed: there is something of it that did not come, whose nature is not to be divided.

    “Divisible in bodies” echoes Plato, Timaeus 35a, where the craftsman mixes soul from “indivisible being” and “the being that becomes divisible in bodies.”

    τὸ οὖν ἐκ τῆς ἀμερίστου καὶ τῆς περὶ τὰ σώματα μεριστῆς ταὐτὸν τῷ ἐκ τῆς ἄνω καὶ κάτω οὔσης καὶ τῆς ἐκεῖθεν ἐξημμένης, ῥυείσης δὲ μέχρι τῶνδε, οἷον γραμμῆς ἐκ κέντρου. ἐλθοῦσα δὲ ἐνθάδε τούτῳ τῷ μέρει ὁρᾷ, ᾧ καὶ αὐτῷ σώζει τὴν φύσιν τοῦ ὅλου. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα μόνον μεριστή, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀμέριστος· τὸ γὰρ μεριζόμενον αὐτῆς ἀμερίστως μερίζεται. εἰς ὅλον γὰρ τὸ σῶμα δοῦσα αὑτὴν μὴ μερισθεῖσα, ὅλη εἰς ὅλον, τῷ ἐν παντὶ εἶναι μεμέρισται.

    So what is “from the indivisible and the divisible in bodies” is the same as soul that is both above and below: fastened There, but flowing down as far as these things here, like a line from a center. Having come here, it sees with this part, and in this very part it keeps the nature of the whole. For even here it is not only divisible but also indivisible: the part of it that is divided is divided indivisibly. Giving itself to the whole body without being divided, whole to whole, it is divided by being in every part.